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NCLEX > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Mg and Ca act like what?**

A

sedatives

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2
Q

Hypermagnesium causes:

A

renal failure

antacids

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3
Q

with Mg and Ca think what first?

A

muscles

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4
Q

S/S hypermagnesium

A 
flushing
warmth
vasodilation 
decreased DTRs
Muscle tone is weak and flaccid
possible arrhythmias 
decreased LOC
decreased pulse
decreased respirations
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5
Q

Mg given to PIH pt why

A

to decrease bp and prevent seizures (because acts like sedative)

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6
Q

hypermagnesium treatment

A

ventilator - if respirations less than 12
dialysis - because kidneys not working
calcium gluconate - antidote for mg toxicity
safety precautions because sedated

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7
Q

hypercalcium s/s

A 
brittle bones
kidney stones
decreased DTRs
Muscle tone is weak and flaccid
possible arrhythmias 
decreased LOC
decreased pulse
decreased respirations
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8
Q

phosphorous and what have inverse relationship

A

calcium

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9
Q

hypercalcemia causes

A

too much PTH (parathormone) - increases Ca
thiazides- retains calcium
immobilization - have to bear weight to keep ca in bones

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10
Q

hypercalcemia treatment

A

Moving
fluids to prevent kidney stones
sodium phosphate (phosphosoda and fleet) - have phosphorus - inverse relationship with ca
steroids - decrease ca by excreting it through the GI tract
add phosphorus to diet (anything with protein)
safety precautions because sedated
vitamin D to use Ca
calcitonin - decreases ca

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11
Q

hypomagnesmia and hypocalcemia means

A

not enough sedative

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12
Q

hypomagnesmia causes

A

diarrhea - lots of mg in intestines

alcoholism - not eating so no mg coming in and diuresising because alcohol suppresses ADH and it’s hypertonic

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13
Q

hypomagnesmia s/s

A

muscle tone rigid and tight
possible seizure
stridor/larngospasm - airway smooth muscle
chvosteks and trousseaus
arrhythmia’s - heart is muscle
increased DTR
mind changes - might be psychotic or depressed
swallowing problems - esophagus smooth muscle - risk for aspiration

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14
Q

hypomagnesmia treatment

A

give some Mg - check renal function before giving IV mg
seizure precations
eat magnesium

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15
Q

hypocalcemia s/s

A

muscle tone rigid and tight
possible seizure
stridor/larngospasm - airway smooth muscle
chvosteks and trousseaus
arrhythmia’s - heart is muscle
increased DTR
mind changes - might be psychotic or depressed
swallowing problems - esophagus smooth muscle - risk for aspiration

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16
Q

what do you do if your pt reports flushing and sweating when you start IV mg?

A

STOP IT!

Mg will decrease respirations

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17
Q

foods high in mg:

A

spinach, mustard greens, summer squash, broccoli, hailbut, turnip greens, pumpkin seeds, peppermint, cucumber, green beans, celery, kale, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds and flax seeds

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18
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

hypoarathyroidism
radical neck
thyroidectomy
(all have not enough PTH so decreases serum Ca)

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19
Q

hypocalcemia treatment

A

Vitamin D - to help utilize Ca
Phosphate binders (sevelamer hydocholoride (renagel) and calcium acetate (phoslo) - bind to phos and decrease it to increase ca
IV calcium - give slowly

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20
Q

Your Na level is totally dependent on what

A

how much water is in your body

21
Q

hypernatremia =

A

dehydration

too much Na, not enough water

22
Q

hypernatremia causes

A

hyperventilation - lose water when exhale
heat stroke
DI
V/D

23
Q

hypernatremia s/s

A

dry mouth
thirsty
swollen tongue

24
Q

the brain doesn’t like it when what electrolyte is messed up

A

sodium so think neuro changes*

25
Q

hypernatremia treatment

A

restrict sodium
dilute pt with fluids - diluting makes Na go down
daily weights and I&O - if Na problem then fluid problem
Lab work

26
Q

Feeding tube pts tend to get

A

dehydrated = hypernatremia
important to check serum sodium
ask MD if can give more water with feeding

27
Q

hyponatremia =

A

dilution

too much water, not enough Na

28
Q

hyponatremia causes

A

drinking water for fluid replacement - only replaces water and dilutes the blood
Psychogenic polydipsia - loves to drink water
D5W (sugar and water)
SIADH - retaining water

29
Q

hyponatremia s/s

A

H/A
Seizures
Coma

30
Q

hyponatremia treatment

A

pt needs Na and doesn’t need water
If having neuro problems needs hypertonic saline - packed with particles - 3% NS or 5% NS - worry about FVE because pulling fluid into vascular space - give slowly

31
Q

Potassium excreted by

A

the kidneys, so if kidneys not working well potassium will go up

32
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A

kidney trouble

spirnolactone (aldactone) - makes you retiain potassium

33
Q

Hyperkalemia s/s

A

begins with muscle twitching then proceeds to weakness then flaccid paralysis
also life threatening arrhythmias

34
Q

Hyperkalemia treatment

A

dialysis - kidneys aren’t working
calcium gluconate - decreases arrhythmia’s
insulin to carry glucose and potassium into the cell
sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) - Na and K have inverse relationship

35
Q

Hyperkalemia ECG changes

A

bradycardia, tall and peaked T waves, prolonged PR intervals, flat or absent P waves, widened QRS, conduction blocks, v fib

36
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

vomiting
NG suction (lots of K in stomach)
Diuretics
Not eating

37
Q

Hypokalemia s/s

A

muscle cramps
weakness
life threatening arrhythmias

38
Q

Hypokalemia ECG changes

A

U waves, PVCs, V tachy

39
Q

Hypokalemia treatment

A

give potassium
spironolactone (aldactone) - makes them retain potassium
eat more potassium

40
Q

major problem with PO K+

A

GI upset - so give with food

41
Q

what to assess prior to giving IV K+ **

A

urine output

if it drops will cause them to retain potassium and can kill them

42
Q

Never give IV K+

A

push - lethal injection - has to be diluted

43
Q

Does K+ burn during infusion?

A

yes, K can eat up peripheral veins

44
Q

Foods high in potassium

A

spinach, kale, mustard greens, brussel sprouts, broccoli, eggplant, cantaloupe, parsley, cucumber, bell pepper, apricots, ginger root, strawberries, avocado, banana, tuna, cauliflower, kiwi, oranges, lima beans, potatoes, and cabbage

45
Q

electrolyte imbalance with burns

A

hyperkalemia - potassium is inside the cells and with burns they lyse open and K is released into the blood

46
Q

hyperparathyriodism =

A

hypercalcium = hypophosphatemia
pt will be sedated
TX: partial parathyroidectomy

47
Q

hypoparathyroidism =

A

hypocalcium = hyperphosphatemia
pt not sedated
TX: IV calcium (give slow causes bradycardia), phosphate binding drugs (Renagel, PhosLo)

48
Q

electrolytes lost when detoxing

A

mg and k - when drink diuresis and then lose them

NCLEX (7 decks)

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