Electrolytes Flashcards
Electrolytes with positive charge
Cation
Ions capable of carrying an electric charge
Electrolytes
Negative charge
Anions
Substances whose molecules dissociate into ions when placed insolution
Electrolytes
Balance in cation and anion
Electroneutrality
Two positive electrolyte battery
Sodium
Potassium
Two negative electrolyte battery
Bicarbonate
Chloride
Electrolytes in volume and osmotic regulation
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Myocardial rhythm and contractility
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Cofactor in the enzyme activation
Magnesium
Calcium
Zinc
Regulation of ATPase ion pumps
Magnesium
Acid base balance
Bicarbonate
Potassium
Chloride
Blood coagulation
Calcium
Magnesium
Neuromuscular excitability
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Average water content of human body
40-75%
Fluids inside the cells and accounts for about two thirds of total body weight
Intracellular fluid
ECF inside the blood vessels
Intravascular ECF
ECF that surrounds the cells in the tissue
Interstitial ECF
Mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membrane
Active transport
Mechanism that depends on the size and charge of the ion.
Passive transport
Passive movement of ions across a membrane
Diffusion
Physical property of a solution which is based on the concentration of solutes
Osmolality
Situation wherein there is increased osmolality in the blood
Sensation of thirst and ADH secretion
ADH half life
15-20mins
Vasopressin
Antidiuretic hormones
Normal osmolality
275-295 mOsmol/kg of plasma water
1-2% increased in osmolality causes
4 fold increase in ADH
1-2% decrease in osmolality
Shuts off ADH prod
Secreted near the renal glomeruli in response to decreased renal blood flow
Renin
Renin converts angiotensinogen to
Angiotensin I
Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure, and secretion of aldosterone
Angiotensin II
Hormone that increases retention og sodium and water
Aldosterone
Urine osmolality decreases in
Diabetes insipidus
Polydipsia
Increases urine osmolality
SIADH
Hypovolemia
Specimen for determination of osmolality
Serum or urine
Methods of determining osmolality are based on this property of solution
Colligative property
Decrease freezing point and vapor pressure (increased/decreased) osmolality
Increased
Two most frequently used method of analysis
Freezing point depression
Vapor pressure
First solutes being affected by the change of osmolality
Sodium
Glucose
BUN
Osmolal gap
<15
90% of all extracellular cation
Sodium
Excretion is regulated by water
Sodium
Plasma concentration of sodium depends on three ways
- intake of water in response to thirst
- excretion of water
- blood volume status
Sodium function
Neuromuscular activities
Water regulations
Major intracellular cation in the body
Potassium
Potassium function
Neuromuscular excitability
Cardiac contraction
ICF volume
Acid base balance
Vitamin D dependent to be absorbed by the upper SI
Calcium
Calcium in the blood is distributed as
50% ionized Ca+2
40% protein bound calcium inactive
Complex calcium 10%
Hormones that regulate serum calcium
PTH
Calcitonin
Vit D3
Bone resorption is affected by what hormone
PTH
Bone deposition for?
Calcitonin
Intestinal absorption for
Vit D3
Calcium function
Neuromuscular activity Cardiac contraction Normal cellular permeability Blood clot formation Structure of bone and teeth
4th most abundant cation
Magnesium
2nd major intracellular cation
Magnesium
Magnesium distribution in the body
53% in bones
46% muscles and other organs
<1% serum and RBC
Magnesium function
Enzyme cofactor
Increase TIBC; iron ______
Decreases
Conditions that affect serum iron
Diurnal variation
Menstrual cycle
Iron ingestion
Iron function
Hematopoiesis
Growth and hemoglobin formation
Recyclable electrolytes
Iron
Distribution of iron in the body
70-75% active
25-30% stored form
Primary excreted by the kidney
Sodium
20% in the feces
80-90% in kidneys
Potassium
Urine and bile. 200mg/day each
Calcium
40% kidney
60% feces
Magnesium
Precautions of sodium
Do not use oxalate
Unpurified distilled water
Potassium precautions
Prolonged tourniquet
Calcium precaution
EDTA tube
Main electrolyte for volume and osmotic regulation
Sodium
Main electrolyte for myocardial rhythm and contractility
Potassium
Main electrolyte of cofactor in enzyme activation
Magnesium
Main electrolyte in acid base balance
Bicarbonate
Main electrolyte for blood coagulation
Calcium
Main electrolyte for neuromuscular excitability
Potassium
Also known as natrium
Sodium
Promotes absorption of sodium in the distal tubules
Aldosterone
Blocks aldosterone and renin secretion and inhibits the action of angiotensin II and vasopressin
Atrial natriuretic factor
125-130mmol/L of sodium is primarily seen in
Gastrointestinal
Below 125mmol/L of sodium is seen in
Severe neuropsychiatric syndrome
This concentration of sodium is considered as medical emergency
Below 120mmol/L
This drugs block the action of ADH
Conivaptan
Most common electrolyte disorder
Hyponatremia
Causes of hyponatremia
Increased sodium loss
Increased water retention
Water imbalance
Atoms when excited by a flame will emit a characteristic light of a specific wavelength
Flame emission photometry
Color of Na and K in Flame emission photometry
Na-yellow
K-violet
When two ionic solutions are separated by an appropriate membrane, potential develops across the membrane
Ion selective electrode
ISE is for what electrolytes
Na
K
Ca
Cl
Elements is not excited but merely associated by heat energy from its chemical bonds and converts the components to atoms
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
AAS is reference method for what electrolyte
Ca
Best method, fast and accurate for Mg
AAS
Zinc uranyl acetate + PVA
Albanese Lein
Alabanese lein method is for what electrolyte? Positive result?
Na
Yellow solution
Sodium cobaltnitrate + phenol
Lockhead and Purcell chemical method
Lockhead and Purcell method is for what electrolyte? Result?
K
Blue color
O-cresolpthlein complexone
Dye binding method
Dye binding method is for what electrolyte? Result?
Ca
Purple color complex
Oldest method for magnesium
Titan Yellow
This reagent stabilize the colloid
Polyvinyl alcohol
Result of titan yellow
Red compound
End result for the colorimetry for Iron
Red color with ferrous form
Ferric perchlorate is for what electrolyte? Result?
Chloride
Red complex with ferric ions
Magnesium-uranyl acetate method is for what electrolyte? Result?
Na
Yellow brown complex with thioglycolic
Photometric turbidimetric test is for what electrolyte
K
Osmotically active substance that induces the diffusion of water from the cells to the ECF
Glucose
In this syndrome, hyponatremia is not connected with fluid restriction
Barter syndrome
Result to the concentration of sodium if there is a decreased in the production of aldosterone
Decrease. Hyponatremia
If potassium decreases what will happen to sodium?
Decrease
The single most important analyte in terms of an abnormality being immediately life threatening
Potassium
The principal determinant of urinary K excretion
Distal nephron
Three major mechanism of diminished renal potassium excretion
Reduced aldosterone
Renal failure
Reduced delivery of sodium
Result of acidosis to the concentration of potassium
Increase
Hyperkalemia
Fatal concentration of potassium
May lead to cardiac arrest
10mmol/L
Maximally absorbed by duodenum
Calcium
Activated firm of vitD3
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Hypercalcemic hormone
PTH
Increases mobilization of calcium in bones
1,25(OH)2-D3
Inhibitory hormone
Calcitonin
Hypocalcemic agent
Calcitonin
Major extracellular anion
Cl
Chief counter ion if sodium
Cl
Ferro and Ham for what electrolyte? Results
Calcium
Ca chloranilate ppt
Photometric colorimetric test
Lipid clearing factor
Xylidyl blue
TPTZ method
Blue color complex
Redox titration method?
Calcium- clark and collip
Pink
Indicator for schales and schales
S-diphenylcarbazone
Schales and schales is for? Result?
Chloride
Blue violet color
Whiteson titration method
Chloride
Reddish brown complex of ferric thiocyanate
Emission spectrography
Iron
pCO2 electrode
HCO3
Fiske subarrow method
Inorganic phosphorus
Blue color from stannous chloride
Photometric UV test
Inorganic phosphorus
Trace proven essential
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Ultra trace, proven essential
Manganese Molybdenum Cobalt Chromium Selenium Iodine
Ultra trace, probably essential
Nickel
Vanadium
Tin
Ultra trace, nonessential
Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Fluoride Gold Lead Mercury Silicon
Decreased bicarbonate
Metabolic acidosis
Increase bicarbonate
Metabolic alkalosis
Inversely related to calcium
Phosphate
Useful for monitoring critically ill patients
Lactate
