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Clinical Chemistry > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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0
Q

Electrolytes with positive charge

A

Cation

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1
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

Negative charge

A

Anions

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3
Q

Substances whose molecules dissociate into ions when placed insolution

A

Electrolytes

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4
Q

Balance in cation and anion

A

Electroneutrality

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5
Q

Two positive electrolyte battery

A

Sodium

Potassium

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6
Q

Two negative electrolyte battery

A

Bicarbonate

Chloride

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7
Q

Electrolytes in volume and osmotic regulation

A

Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

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8
Q

Myocardial rhythm and contractility

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium

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9
Q

Cofactor in the enzyme activation

A

Magnesium
Calcium
Zinc

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10
Q

Regulation of ATPase ion pumps

A

Magnesium

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11
Q

Acid base balance

A

Bicarbonate
Potassium
Chloride

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12
Q

Blood coagulation

A

Calcium

Magnesium

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13
Q

Neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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14
Q

Average water content of human body

A

40-75%

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15
Q

Fluids inside the cells and accounts for about two thirds of total body weight

A

Intracellular fluid

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16
Q

ECF inside the blood vessels

A

Intravascular ECF

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17
Q

ECF that surrounds the cells in the tissue

A

Interstitial ECF

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18
Q

Mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membrane

A

Active transport

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19
Q

Mechanism that depends on the size and charge of the ion.

A

Passive transport

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20
Q

Passive movement of ions across a membrane

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

Physical property of a solution which is based on the concentration of solutes

A

Osmolality

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22
Q

Situation wherein there is increased osmolality in the blood

A

Sensation of thirst and ADH secretion

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23
Q

ADH half life

A

15-20mins

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24
Q

Vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormones

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25
Q

Normal osmolality

A

275-295 mOsmol/kg of plasma water

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26
Q

1-2% increased in osmolality causes

A

4 fold increase in ADH

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27
Q

1-2% decrease in osmolality

A

Shuts off ADH prod

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28
Q

Secreted near the renal glomeruli in response to decreased renal blood flow

A

Renin

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29
Q

Renin converts angiotensinogen to

A

Angiotensin I

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30
Q

Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure, and secretion of aldosterone

A

Angiotensin II

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31
Q

Hormone that increases retention og sodium and water

A

Aldosterone

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32
Q

Urine osmolality decreases in

A

Diabetes insipidus

Polydipsia

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33
Q

Increases urine osmolality

A

SIADH

Hypovolemia

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34
Q

Specimen for determination of osmolality

A

Serum or urine

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35
Q

Methods of determining osmolality are based on this property of solution

A

Colligative property

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36
Q

Decrease freezing point and vapor pressure (increased/decreased) osmolality

A

Increased

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37
Q

Two most frequently used method of analysis

A

Freezing point depression

Vapor pressure

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38
Q

First solutes being affected by the change of osmolality

A

Sodium
Glucose
BUN

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39
Q

Osmolal gap

A

<15

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40
Q

90% of all extracellular cation

A

Sodium

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41
Q

Excretion is regulated by water

A

Sodium

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42
Q

Plasma concentration of sodium depends on three ways

A
  • intake of water in response to thirst
  • excretion of water
  • blood volume status
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43
Q

Sodium function

A

Neuromuscular activities

Water regulations

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44
Q

Major intracellular cation in the body

A

Potassium

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45
Q

Potassium function

A

Neuromuscular excitability
Cardiac contraction
ICF volume
Acid base balance

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46
Q

Vitamin D dependent to be absorbed by the upper SI

A

Calcium

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47
Q

Calcium in the blood is distributed as

A

50% ionized Ca+2
40% protein bound calcium inactive
Complex calcium 10%

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48
Q

Hormones that regulate serum calcium

A

PTH
Calcitonin
Vit D3

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49
Q

Bone resorption is affected by what hormone

A

PTH

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50
Q

Bone deposition for?

A

Calcitonin

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51
Q

Intestinal absorption for

A

Vit D3

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52
Q

Calcium function

A 
Neuromuscular activity
Cardiac contraction
Normal cellular permeability 
Blood clot formation 
Structure of bone and teeth
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53
Q

4th most abundant cation

A

Magnesium

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54
Q

2nd major intracellular cation

A

Magnesium

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55
Q

Magnesium distribution in the body

A

53% in bones
46% muscles and other organs
<1% serum and RBC

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56
Q

Magnesium function

A

Enzyme cofactor

57
Q

Increase TIBC; iron ______

A

Decreases

58
Q

Conditions that affect serum iron

A

Diurnal variation
Menstrual cycle
Iron ingestion

59
Q

Iron function

A

Hematopoiesis

Growth and hemoglobin formation

60
Q

Recyclable electrolytes

A

Iron

61
Q

Distribution of iron in the body

A

70-75% active

25-30% stored form

62
Q

Primary excreted by the kidney

A

Sodium

63
Q

20% in the feces

80-90% in kidneys

A

Potassium

64
Q

Urine and bile. 200mg/day each

A

Calcium

65
Q

40% kidney

60% feces

A

Magnesium

66
Q

Precautions of sodium

A

Do not use oxalate

Unpurified distilled water

67
Q

Potassium precautions

A

Prolonged tourniquet

68
Q

Calcium precaution

A

EDTA tube

69
Q

Main electrolyte for volume and osmotic regulation

A

Sodium

70
Q

Main electrolyte for myocardial rhythm and contractility

A

Potassium

71
Q

Main electrolyte of cofactor in enzyme activation

A

Magnesium

72
Q

Main electrolyte in acid base balance

A

Bicarbonate

73
Q

Main electrolyte for blood coagulation

A

Calcium

74
Q

Main electrolyte for neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium

75
Q

Also known as natrium

A

Sodium

76
Q

Promotes absorption of sodium in the distal tubules

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

Blocks aldosterone and renin secretion and inhibits the action of angiotensin II and vasopressin

A

Atrial natriuretic factor

78
Q

125-130mmol/L of sodium is primarily seen in

A

Gastrointestinal

79
Q

Below 125mmol/L of sodium is seen in

A

Severe neuropsychiatric syndrome

80
Q

This concentration of sodium is considered as medical emergency

A

Below 120mmol/L

81
Q

This drugs block the action of ADH

A

Conivaptan

82
Q

Most common electrolyte disorder

A

Hyponatremia

83
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Increased sodium loss
Increased water retention
Water imbalance

84
Q

Atoms when excited by a flame will emit a characteristic light of a specific wavelength

A

Flame emission photometry

85
Q

Color of Na and K in Flame emission photometry

A

Na-yellow

K-violet

86
Q

When two ionic solutions are separated by an appropriate membrane, potential develops across the membrane

A

Ion selective electrode

87
Q

ISE is for what electrolytes

A

Na
K
Ca
Cl

88
Q

Elements is not excited but merely associated by heat energy from its chemical bonds and converts the components to atoms

A

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

89
Q

Absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules

A

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

90
Q

AAS is reference method for what electrolyte

A

Ca

91
Q

Best method, fast and accurate for Mg

A

AAS

92
Q

Zinc uranyl acetate + PVA

A

Albanese Lein

93
Q

Alabanese lein method is for what electrolyte? Positive result?

A

Na

Yellow solution

94
Q

Sodium cobaltnitrate + phenol

A

Lockhead and Purcell chemical method

95
Q

Lockhead and Purcell method is for what electrolyte? Result?

A

K

Blue color

96
Q

O-cresolpthlein complexone

A

Dye binding method

97
Q

Dye binding method is for what electrolyte? Result?

A

Ca

Purple color complex

98
Q

Oldest method for magnesium

A

Titan Yellow

99
Q

This reagent stabilize the colloid

A

Polyvinyl alcohol

100
Q

Result of titan yellow

A

Red compound

101
Q

End result for the colorimetry for Iron

A

Red color with ferrous form

102
Q

Ferric perchlorate is for what electrolyte? Result?

A

Chloride

Red complex with ferric ions

103
Q

Magnesium-uranyl acetate method is for what electrolyte? Result?

A

Na

Yellow brown complex with thioglycolic

104
Q

Photometric turbidimetric test is for what electrolyte

A

K

105
Q

Osmotically active substance that induces the diffusion of water from the cells to the ECF

A

Glucose

106
Q

In this syndrome, hyponatremia is not connected with fluid restriction

A

Barter syndrome

107
Q

Result to the concentration of sodium if there is a decreased in the production of aldosterone

A

Decrease. Hyponatremia

108
Q

If potassium decreases what will happen to sodium?

A

Decrease

109
Q

The single most important analyte in terms of an abnormality being immediately life threatening

A

Potassium

110
Q

The principal determinant of urinary K excretion

A

Distal nephron

111
Q

Three major mechanism of diminished renal potassium excretion

A

Reduced aldosterone
Renal failure
Reduced delivery of sodium

112
Q

Result of acidosis to the concentration of potassium

A

Increase

Hyperkalemia

113
Q

Fatal concentration of potassium

May lead to cardiac arrest

A

10mmol/L

114
Q

Maximally absorbed by duodenum

A

Calcium

115
Q

Activated firm of vitD3

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

116
Q

Hypercalcemic hormone

A

PTH

117
Q

Increases mobilization of calcium in bones

A

1,25(OH)2-D3

118
Q

Inhibitory hormone

A

Calcitonin

119
Q

Hypocalcemic agent

A

Calcitonin

120
Q

Major extracellular anion

A

Cl

121
Q

Chief counter ion if sodium

A

Cl

122
Q

Ferro and Ham for what electrolyte? Results

A

Calcium

Ca chloranilate ppt

123
Q

Photometric colorimetric test

A

Lipid clearing factor

Xylidyl blue

124
Q

TPTZ method

A

Blue color complex

125
Q

Redox titration method?

A

Calcium- clark and collip

Pink

126
Q

Indicator for schales and schales

A

S-diphenylcarbazone

127
Q

Schales and schales is for? Result?

A

Chloride

Blue violet color

128
Q

Whiteson titration method

A

Chloride

Reddish brown complex of ferric thiocyanate

129
Q

Emission spectrography

A

Iron

130
Q

pCO2 electrode

A

HCO3

131
Q

Fiske subarrow method

A

Inorganic phosphorus

Blue color from stannous chloride

132
Q

Photometric UV test

A

Inorganic phosphorus

133
Q

Trace proven essential

A

Iron
Zinc
Copper

134
Q

Ultra trace, proven essential

A 
Manganese 
Molybdenum 
Cobalt
Chromium
Selenium 
Iodine
135
Q

Ultra trace, probably essential

A

Nickel
Vanadium
Tin

136
Q

Ultra trace, nonessential

A 
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium 
Fluoride 
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Silicon
137
Q

Decreased bicarbonate

A

Metabolic acidosis

138
Q

Increase bicarbonate

A

Metabolic alkalosis

139
Q

Inversely related to calcium

A

Phosphate

140
Q

Useful for monitoring critically ill patients

A

Lactate

Clinical Chemistry (6 decks)

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