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Fluid & Electrolytes > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

0
Q

Name the causes for Hyponatremia.

A

Increased sodium excretion
(N/D/V, diuretics, wound drainage, kidney disease, or decreased secretion of aldosterone)

Inadequate sodium intake

Dilution of serum sodium
(Excessive hypotonic fluids, kidney disease, freshwater drowning, hyperglycemia, or Heart Failure)

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1
Q

Normal Range for serum sodium?

A

135-145mEq/L

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2
Q

Name the causes for Hypernatremia.

A

Decreased sodium excretion
(Cushings, corticosteroids, kidney disease, hyperaldosteroism)

Increased sodium intake

Decreased water intake

Increased water loss

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3
Q

Name common food sources for Sodium.

A 
Bacon
Butter
Canned food
Cheese
Ketchup and Mustard 
Lunch meat
Milk 
Processed foods
Soy sauce
Table salt 
White and whole wheat bread
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4
Q

Hyponatremia signs and symptoms

*think Neurological

A

Skeletal muscle weakness

Increased urinary output and GI motility

Mental Changes

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5
Q

Hypernatremia signs and symptoms

*think neurological

A

Extreme thirst

Decreased urinary output

Muscle twitching and/or weakness

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6
Q

Interventions for Hyponatremia

A

Monitor electrolytes

IV sodium chloride infusion (if both fluid & sodium are decreased)

Osmotic diuretic administered (if sodium is low and fluid volume is high)

Increase oral sodium intake

Monitor closely if taking Lithium (Hyponatremia can cause lithium toxicity)

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7
Q

Interventions for Hypernatremia

A

Monitor electrolytes

Prepare to administer IV infusions if the cause is fluid loss

If caused by inadequate renal excretion than administer diuretics that promote sodium loss

Restrict sodium & fluid intake as prescribed

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8
Q

Normal range for serum Potassium

A

3.5-5.0

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9
Q

Name the causes for Hypokalemia

A

Excessive potassium intake

Decreased potassium excretion
(Kidney disease, potassium retaining diuretics, or adrenal insufficiency like Addisons)

Potassium shifting from intercellular fluid to extracellular fluid
(Tissue damage, acidosis, hyperuricemia, or hypercatabloism)

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10
Q

Name Common Foods rich in Potassium

A 
Avocado 
Bananas
Cantaloupe 
Carrots 
Fish
Mushrooms 
Oranges
Potatoes 
Pork, beef, veal
Raisins
Spinach 
Strawberries 
Tomatoes
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11
Q

Name the signs & symptoms of Hypokalemia

*think Cardiac

A

Thready, weak irregular heart rate

Muscle cramps

Arrhythmias that can be life threatening

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12
Q

Name the signs & symptoms of Hyperkalemia

*think Cardiac

A

Slow, weak irregular heart rate

Muscle twitching initially then followed by flaccid paralysis

Arrhythmias that can be life threatening

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13
Q

Aldosterone increases when……..

A

Blood Volume goes down

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14
Q

Where is aldosterone found?

Name the diseases the result from too much aldosterone being secreted and too little being secreted.

A

Aldosterone is found in the adrenal glands

Too Much: cushings and hyperaldosteroism

Too Little: Addisons

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15
Q

Where is ANP found and what is it’s function?

A

ANP is found in the atria of the heart and is a hormone that works on the kidneys to reduce blood volume.

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16
Q

Where is ADH found and what is its function?

What are some common causes?

A

ADH is found in the pituitary and makes your body retain water.

Causes can include Increased ICP, head injury, craniotomy, or transphenoidal hypophysectomy.

17
Q

Name the disease caused by too much ADH and some common signs and symptoms.

A

SIADH (makes you go into FVE)

Urine decreases and is concentrated
Blood is diluted (low electrolyte levels)
S/S of FVE

18
Q

Name the disease caused by not enough ADH and common sign and symptoms.

A

Diabetes Insipidus (which causes FVD)

Urine is diluted and blood is concentrated (high electrolyte levels)

Watch for shock!
Has NOTHING to do with blood sugar!

19
Q

The Removal of the pituitary gland through the sinuses is called:

A

Transphenoidal Hypophysectomy

20
Q

Treatment for FVE:

A

Low Na diet/restrict fluids as ordered
Weights daily
Bed rest
Physical assessments

Diuretics

21
Q

Name the treatments for FVD:

A

Prevent further fluid loss
Replace fluid loss by PO and/or IV fluids

Monitor for fluid overload
At higher risk for falls r/t vitals and LOC

22
Q

Isotonic solutions and contradiction uses:

A

Normal Saline (0.9%)
LR
d5W
D5 1/2 NS

Contradiction w/clients with HTN, cardiac disease, or renal disease because these solutions can cause FVE

23
Q

Name examples of hypotonic solutions and contradictions.

A

D2.5W, 1/2NS. 0.33%NS

*rehydrates cells but does not cause HTN

Contradictions: watch for cellular edema and FVD, which would cause decreased B/P

24
Q

Name hypertonic solutions and contradictions:

A

D10W, 3%NS, 5%NS, D5LR, D5 1/2NS, TPN, and Albumin

Used for patients who have developed 3rd spacing, severe edema, burns, and/or ascites.

*watch for FVE!

25
Q

Normal lab value for Calcium

A

8.6-10.5mg/dl

26
Q

Name 3 causes of Hypercalcemia

6 Signs & Symptoms

6 Treatments

A

Hyperparathyroidism, thiazides, immobilization

S/S: brittle bones, kidney stones, ^b/p, muscle weakness, decreased DTRs, and decreased pulse

Tx: bear weight(move!), push fluids as ordered (prevent kidney stones), Pospho Soda Fleet Enema, Steroids, add phosphorus diet, and/or Calcitonin

27
Q

Normal Lab Value for Magnesium

A

1.2-2.6mg/dl

28
Q

Name 3 causes for HyperMagnesium

Identify 6 Signs & Symptoms

Name 4 Treatments

A

Causes: Renal Failure, Antacids, Overdose of Mg

S/S: flushing~warmth, vasodilation, decreased DTRs, decreased LOC, muscle weakness, and drowsiness

Tx: Ventilator (if RR<12rpm)
Dialysis (if kidneys not working properly)
Calcium Gluconate IV slowly (antidote to Mg toxicity)
Safety Precautions

29
Q

Name 3 causes of HypoCalcemia

Name 6 signs & symptoms

Name 3 treatments

A

Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, Radical Neck, and Thyroidectomy

S/S: Mind changes, rigid/tight muscle tone, possible seizures, +chovstek’s(cheek tap), +Trousseau’s( b/p cuff, increased DTRs, & swallowing problems

Tx: Vitamin D
Phosphate Binders
IV Ca (given slowly) w/heart monitor

30
Q

Name 3 causes for HypoMagnesia

Name 6 signs & symptoms

Name 4 Treatments

A

Causes: Diarrhea, Alcoholism, Starvation or Drinking

S/S: mind changes, tight/rigid muscle tone, increased DTRs, +Chovstek’s, +Trousseau’s, and possible seizures.

Tx: IV Mg
Check kidney function
Seizure Precautions
Eat Magnesium

31
Q

Name the Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

Name the S/S

List some treatments

A

Causes: pneumonia, narcotics, sleeping pills, collapsed lung, or mid abd incision

S/S: H/A, confusion, sleepy
Restlessness & Tachycardia

Tx: treat the cause
Post-Op: turn, cough, and deep breathe

32
Q

Name causes for Respiratory Alkalosis

Name S/S

List Treatments

A

Causes: Hyperventilating, Hysteria, Acute Aspirin Overdose

S/S: light headed, numbness/tingling in fingers and toes, Peri-oral numbness

Tx: breathe into bag
Calm client
Treat the cause
Monitor ABGs

33
Q

Name 5 foods that contain high amounts of Calcium

A 
Milk and Soy Milk
Cheese
Collard Greens 
Yogurt
Tofu
34
Q

Nam 5 foods that contain high amount of Magnesium:

A 
Avocados 
Green leafy vegetables 
Oatmeal 
Pork, beef,chicken, and soy beans
Peanut Butter
35
Q

Name 5 foods with high amounts of Phosphorus:

A 
Fish
Nuts
Pork, beef, chicken, organ meats 
Dairy products 
Whole grain breads and cereals
36
Q

Name the causes of Metabolic Acidosis

Signs & Symptoms

Treatments

A

Causes: DKA, Starvation, Renal Failure, Severe Diarrhea, High fat diet, Excessive ASA ingestion

S/S: depends on cause, Hyperkalemia, increased RR
(Kussmaul Respirations)

Tx: treat the cause (like insulin for DKA)
Monitor Respiratory, I&Os, LOC, Safety/seizure precautions
Watch K+ levels (tx may cause Hypokalemia)
IV sodium bicarb push as ordered

37
Q

Name the Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

Signs & Symptoms

Treatments

A

Causes: loss of GI contents(like excessive suctioning or vomiting), diuretics,too many Antacids, and too much bicarb

S/S: depends on cause
K+ goes down (watch LOC, cramping, arrhythmias)

Tx: fix the cause
Replace K+
Prepare to administer meds to promote excretion of bicarb through kidneys

38
Q

Normal HCO3 level

A

22-27mEq/L

39
Q

Normal pCO2 level

A

35-45mm Hg

40
Q

Normal Po2 level

A

80-100mmHg

Fluid & Electrolytes (5 decks)

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