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Clinical Chem Snoopy style > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

ions capable of carrying an electrical charge
two types:
Anions (-): go to the anode
Cations (+): go to the cathode

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2
Q

What are some essential processes of electrolytes?
vol
myo
co
bl

A

volume/osmotic reg
myocardial rythem/constrictions
cofactors
blood coag

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3
Q

Briefly describe water

A

40-75% of body weight
declines w age/obesity
less in women than men
SOLVENT for all processes

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4
Q

What are some processes in the human body water does?

A

transport nutrients
determines cell volume in/out
removes waste
acts as coolant

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5
Q

How much water is intra vs extracellular?

A

Intra (2/3)
Extra (1/3)

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6
Q

Briefly describe the differnce between active transport and diffusion

A

AT: requires energy to move
Diffusion: passive (no energy) depends on size and shape/nature of membrane

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7
Q

Distribution of water in the body is controlled by what

A

concentration of electrolytes and proteins in compartments

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8
Q

Describe osmolality

A

physical property of solution based on conc of solutes per kg of solvent
related to changes in properties of solution relative to water

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9
Q

Clinical significance of osmolality
what organ response

A

paramater in which hypothalamus response
regulation affects plasma Na
regulation of Na and Water controls blood volume

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10
Q

T/F: thirst is stimulated by hypothalamus and AVP
increased water in extracellular and decreased in Na/osmo

A

true

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11
Q

Describe diabetes insipidus
what gland
what insufficency

A

pituitary gland
produces insufficient AVP/ADH meaning more drinking and more urine
3-20 L a day

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12
Q

What are some factors that effect blood volume
anp
vr
gfr
na

A

artiral natriuetic peptide: promotes Na/H20 excretion
volume receptors of osmo release AVP
GFR increase w volume and decline w volume depletion
increase plasma Na increase urine Na

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13
Q

What is the osmolality calulation and what is the Gap?

A

calc:
2(Na)+glucose/20+BUN/3

Gap is difference between calc and determined osmolality
should be 5-10 Units

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14
Q

What is the measured vs calc unit ranges for osmolality?

A

5-10 units

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15
Q

Briefly describe Na
determines
Conc in cells
active transport

A

most abundant cation in ECF (90%)
determines osmo of plasma
Na conc in ECF increased inside cells
Active transport prevents equalibrium

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16
Q

What does sodium regulate?

A

Intake of water in response to thirst excretion of water and blood volume
60-70% reabsorbed

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17
Q

Describe Hyponatremia
ranges
critical range

A

<130 but <120 critical
increased sodium loss
increased water/imbalance
most common

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18
Q

Describer Hypernatemia
common method

A

deficiency of sodium
method: ion slective electrodes most common
increased waterloss/sweating
decrease water intake
FRIED

19
Q

T/F: you should correct hypo/hypernatemia quickly

A

false, too quick can lead to cerebral edemas

20
Q

Describe Potassium briefly
cells inside
regulates what excitability

A

major intracellular cation
20x greater inside cells than outside
regulates neruomuscular excitability

21
Q

What are some factors that affect potassium distribution
hypoosmolality

A

inhibition of NaK pump
insulin promotes K ions
excersise increases K
Hyperosomality decreases K

22
Q

What is hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

A

<plasma>plasma K
serum plasma urine, gastrointestional loss/renal loss
cell shift/hydration
</plasma>

23
Q

T/F: 6-7 of potassium can alter the EKG and >10 can lead to cardiac arrest

A

true

24
Q

Describe Chloride briefly
what type of anion
function
How is it injested

A

Major extracellular anion
maintains osmolality, blood volume and neutrality
ingested in diet

25
Q

What is an excess of bicarb called with chloride?
What is the method used?

A

hypercholremia
method used is ISE

26
Q

Describe bicarbonate
what is it second in?
what type of system
how much is reabsorbed
what amount of CO2 is bicarb
What does metabolic acidosis do

A

second most abundant anion in ECF
buff system of blood
reabsorbed (85%)
90% of total CO2 is bicarb
metabolic acidosis may decrease it

27
Q

Describe Magnesium
how abundant/intracellular
how much in the body
how much in bones
how much is bound to ALB
controlled by what organ
Important for?

A

fourth most abundant second intracellularly
24g in body 53% in bones
1/3rd bound to ALB
controlled by kidney
IMPORANT COFACTOR in 300 enzymes

28
Q

T/F: Hypermagnesium is not common and usually doesnt lead to renal failure, <5.0 is okay

A

false, it is common and usually causes renal failure, <5.0 leads to death

29
Q

Describe Calcium
Essential for what
how much in bones
what regulates?

A

essential for myocardial contraction
99% bones
three hormones regulate it PTH, VIT D, CALCITONIN

30
Q

T/F Free calcium is ionized, and less ionized calcium leads to muscle contractions

A

true

31
Q

T/F Decreased calcium = decreased PTH

A

FALSE dec calcium = increased PTH

32
Q

What does PTH do
reabsorb.

A

bone reabsorption/osteoclasts, increase calcium

33
Q

Describe Hypo/hypercalcemia

A

hyper/hypomagnesium
inhibit PTH synth
impares PTH action
Vit D resistance

34
Q

Describe Phosphorus

A

everywhere in living cells
genetic DNA/RNA
IMPORTANT in biochem energy
intracellular anion

35
Q

Describe Lactate

A

bi product of mech when ATP when oxy is severely low
no specific regulation
avoid tourniquate too long
>2.0 critical

36
Q

Describe Type A vs Type B lactase

A

A: anaerobic
shock
heart failure
B: aerobic
systemic

37
Q

Describe the Anion gap

A

unmeasured anions/measured anions
(Na+K) (Cl+HCO3)
total CO2
increased in renal failure/ketoacidosis

38
Q

What is the anion gap equation/RR

A

(Na+K)-(Cl-+HCO3-)
RR: 10-20

39
Q

Phosphorus and PTH relationship

A

reabsorbtion inhibited by PTH

40
Q

Magnesium reabsorbtion

A

in the henely loop

41
Q

T/F sodium is reabsorbed via 4 mechanisms

A

false it is by 3

42
Q

T/F chloride is reabsorbed actively in proximal tubule

A

false, it is reabsorbed passively

43
Q

T/F: potassium is reabsorbed via two mechanisms

A

true

44
Q

T/F: bicarb is recovered from golm. funct

A

true

Clinical Chem Snoopy style (8 decks)

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