Electrolytes Flashcards
What are electrolytes?
ions capable of carrying an electrical charge
two types:
Anions (-): go to the anode
Cations (+): go to the cathode
What are some essential processes of electrolytes?
vol
myo
co
bl
volume/osmotic reg
myocardial rythem/constrictions
cofactors
blood coag
Briefly describe water
40-75% of body weight
declines w age/obesity
less in women than men
SOLVENT for all processes
What are some processes in the human body water does?
transport nutrients
determines cell volume in/out
removes waste
acts as coolant
How much water is intra vs extracellular?
Intra (2/3)
Extra (1/3)
Briefly describe the differnce between active transport and diffusion
AT: requires energy to move
Diffusion: passive (no energy) depends on size and shape/nature of membrane
Distribution of water in the body is controlled by what
concentration of electrolytes and proteins in compartments
Describe osmolality
physical property of solution based on conc of solutes per kg of solvent
related to changes in properties of solution relative to water
Clinical significance of osmolality
what organ response
paramater in which hypothalamus response
regulation affects plasma Na
regulation of Na and Water controls blood volume
T/F: thirst is stimulated by hypothalamus and AVP
increased water in extracellular and decreased in Na/osmo
true
Describe diabetes insipidus
what gland
what insufficency
pituitary gland
produces insufficient AVP/ADH meaning more drinking and more urine
3-20 L a day
What are some factors that effect blood volume
anp
vr
gfr
na
artiral natriuetic peptide: promotes Na/H20 excretion
volume receptors of osmo release AVP
GFR increase w volume and decline w volume depletion
increase plasma Na increase urine Na
What is the osmolality calulation and what is the Gap?
calc:
2(Na)+glucose/20+BUN/3
Gap is difference between calc and determined osmolality
should be 5-10 Units
What is the measured vs calc unit ranges for osmolality?
5-10 units
Briefly describe Na
determines
Conc in cells
active transport
most abundant cation in ECF (90%)
determines osmo of plasma
Na conc in ECF increased inside cells
Active transport prevents equalibrium
What does sodium regulate?
Intake of water in response to thirst excretion of water and blood volume
60-70% reabsorbed
Describe Hyponatremia
ranges
critical range
<130 but <120 critical
increased sodium loss
increased water/imbalance
most common
Describer Hypernatemia
common method
deficiency of sodium
method: ion slective electrodes most common
increased waterloss/sweating
decrease water intake
FRIED
T/F: you should correct hypo/hypernatemia quickly
false, too quick can lead to cerebral edemas
Describe Potassium briefly
cells inside
regulates what excitability
major intracellular cation
20x greater inside cells than outside
regulates neruomuscular excitability
What are some factors that affect potassium distribution
hypoosmolality
inhibition of NaK pump
insulin promotes K ions
excersise increases K
Hyperosomality decreases K
What is hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
<plasma>plasma K
serum plasma urine, gastrointestional loss/renal loss
cell shift/hydration
</plasma>
T/F: 6-7 of potassium can alter the EKG and >10 can lead to cardiac arrest
true
Describe Chloride briefly
what type of anion
function
How is it injested
Major extracellular anion
maintains osmolality, blood volume and neutrality
ingested in diet
What is an excess of bicarb called with chloride?
What is the method used?
hypercholremia
method used is ISE
Describe bicarbonate
what is it second in?
what type of system
how much is reabsorbed
what amount of CO2 is bicarb
What does metabolic acidosis do
second most abundant anion in ECF
buff system of blood
reabsorbed (85%)
90% of total CO2 is bicarb
metabolic acidosis may decrease it
Describe Magnesium
how abundant/intracellular
how much in the body
how much in bones
how much is bound to ALB
controlled by what organ
Important for?
fourth most abundant second intracellularly
24g in body 53% in bones
1/3rd bound to ALB
controlled by kidney
IMPORANT COFACTOR in 300 enzymes
T/F: Hypermagnesium is not common and usually doesnt lead to renal failure, <5.0 is okay
false, it is common and usually causes renal failure, <5.0 leads to death
Describe Calcium
Essential for what
how much in bones
what regulates?
essential for myocardial contraction
99% bones
three hormones regulate it PTH, VIT D, CALCITONIN
T/F Free calcium is ionized, and less ionized calcium leads to muscle contractions
true
T/F Decreased calcium = decreased PTH
FALSE dec calcium = increased PTH
What does PTH do
reabsorb.
bone reabsorption/osteoclasts, increase calcium
Describe Hypo/hypercalcemia
hyper/hypomagnesium
inhibit PTH synth
impares PTH action
Vit D resistance
Describe Phosphorus
everywhere in living cells
genetic DNA/RNA
IMPORTANT in biochem energy
intracellular anion
Describe Lactate
bi product of mech when ATP when oxy is severely low
no specific regulation
avoid tourniquate too long
>2.0 critical
Describe Type A vs Type B lactase
A: anaerobic
shock
heart failure
B: aerobic
systemic
Describe the Anion gap
unmeasured anions/measured anions
(Na+K) (Cl+HCO3)
total CO2
increased in renal failure/ketoacidosis
What is the anion gap equation/RR
(Na+K)-(Cl-+HCO3-)
RR: 10-20
Phosphorus and PTH relationship
reabsorbtion inhibited by PTH
Magnesium reabsorbtion
in the henely loop
T/F sodium is reabsorbed via 4 mechanisms
false it is by 3
T/F chloride is reabsorbed actively in proximal tubule
false, it is reabsorbed passively
T/F: potassium is reabsorbed via two mechanisms
true
T/F: bicarb is recovered from golm. funct
true
