ELECTROLYTES

Question 1

SERUM SODIUM LEVELS

Answer 1

135-145meq/l

Question 2

hyponatremia

Answer 2

less than 135meq/l
can be caused by syndrome of inappropriate ADH

Question 3

hypernatremia

Answer 3

more then 145 meq/l
can be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, fluid loss

Question 4

SERUM POTASSIUM LEVLES

Answer 4

3.5-5meq/l

Question 5

hypokalemia

Answer 5

less than 3.5 meq/l
diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic therapy, excessive sweating

Question 6

hyperkalemia

Answer 6

more than 5meq/l
burns and renal failure

Question 7

total serum calcium

Answer 7

8.9-10.1 mg/dl

Question 8

hypocalcemia

Answer 8

less than 8.9 mg/dl
acute pancreatitis

Question 9

hypercalcemia

Answer 9

greater than 10.1mg/dl
hyperparathyroidism

Question 10

ionized caclium

Answer 10

4.4-5.3mg/dl

Question 11

ionized hypocalcemia

Answer 11

less than 4.4
massive transfusion

Question 12

ionized hypercalcemia

Answer 12

5.3mg/dl
acidosis

Question 13

serum phosphates

Answer 13

2.5-4.5mg/dl or 1.8-2.6mg/dl

Question 14

hypophosphatemia

Answer 14

less than 2.5 - 1.8mg/dl
diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 15

hyperphosphatemia

Answer 15

mor than 4.5 to 2.6mg.dl
renal insufficiency

Question 16

serum magnesium

Answer 16

1.5-2.5meq/l

Question 17

hypomagnesemia

Answer 17

less than 1.5 meq/l
malnutrition

Question 18

hypermagnesemia

Answer 18

more than 2.5 meq/l
renal failure

Question 19

serum chloride

Answer 19

98-108meq/l

Question 20

hypochloremia

Answer 20

less than 98 meq/l
prolonged vomiting

Question 21

hyperchloremia

Answer 21

greater than 108meq/l
hypernetremia

Question 22

potassium

Answer 22

main ICF cation
regulates cell excitibility
permeates cell membranes
affecting cells electrical status
helps control ICF osmolality
and icf pressure

Question 23

magnesium

Answer 23

a leading ICF cation
contributes to enzymatic and metabolic processes
particularily protein synthesis
modifies nerve impulses transmission and skeletal, muscle response.
unbalanced mg affects muscle contraction

Question 24

phosphorous

Answer 24

main ICF anion
promotes energy storage and carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
acts as a hydrogen buffer

Question 25

sodium

Answer 25

main ECF cation
helps govern normal ECF osmolality
changes fluid volumes
helps maintain acid base balance
activates nerve and muscle cells
influences water distribution

Question 26

chloride

Answer 26

main ECF anion
healps maintain normal ECF osmolality
affects body ph
plays a vital role in acid base balance
combines with hydrogen ions to produce hydrochloric acid

Question 27

calcium

Answer 27

a major cation in teeth and bones found in fairly equal concentrations in the ICF and ECF
also found in cell membrane where it helps cells to adhere to one another and maintain their shape
acts as an enzyme activator within cells
cells must have Ca to contract
aids in coagulation
affects cell membrane permeability

Question 28

bicarbonate

Answer 28

present in ECF
regulates acid base balance