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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q 
Are ions (minerals) capable of carrying an
electric charge
A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and acquires
the capacity to conduct electricity

A

Electrolytes

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3
Q

They are classified as either anions or cations based on the

type of charge they carry

A

Electrolytes

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4
Q

positive charge; move toward cathode

A

Cations

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5
Q

Negative charge; move toward anode

A

Anions

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6
Q

positive charge; move toward _________.

A

Cathode

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7
Q

negative charge; move toward ________.

A

Anode

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8
Q

Readily absorbed from the ___________ into the circulation

A

GIT

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9
Q

Electrolytes filtered at the ________.

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

What organ in the body that maintains and sustains the electric homoeostasis (electrolyte concentrations)?

A

Kidneys

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11
Q

An organ that balances & regulates the electrolytes in the body.

A

Kidney

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12
Q

T/F: Kidneys regulate the pH (acid-base) balance in the body.

A

TRUE - Kidneys do not only balance electrolytes, but also regulates the pH (acid-base) balance in the body

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13
Q

T/F: Will the kidneys perform reabsorption or

excretion automatically?

A

TRUE - As influenced by endocrines and electrolytes.

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14
Q

T/F: Does urine has electrolytes?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

There is interrelationship among the 3E’s

A

Enzymes, Electrolytes, Endocrines

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16
Q

These are enzyme activators, wherein ions are stabilizing agents to enzymatic reactions.

A

Enzymes & Electrolytes

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17
Q

A gland that plays a major in electro-regulating hormone.

A

ALDOSTERONE

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18
Q

Aldosterone maintains the major ions in plasma; these includes:

A

Na, K, Cl, HCO3, and H ions

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19
Q

It is where aldosterone can be found _______.

A

Adrenal cortex

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20
Q

This corticoid is secreted from adrenal cortex which is important because it regulates the balance of electrolytes by assisting renal.

A

Mineralocorticoids:

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21
Q

The best sample to measure enzyme:

A

Serum

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22
Q

T/F: This anticoagulants remove enzyme activators

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: This anticoagulants remove enzyme activators

A

True

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23
Q

An alternative to serum:

A

Heparinized plasma

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24
Q

Electrolytes maintain water homeostasis:

A

Na+, K+, Cl- HCO3-

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25
Q

What are the electrolytes in body fluid compartments (intracellular & extracellular)?

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorus (INTRACELLULAR)

Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate (EXTRACELLULAR)

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26
Q

Electrolytes found in Volume and Osmotic Regulation

A

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium

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27
Q

Electrolytes found in Myocardial

rhythm and contractility

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium

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28
Q

Electrolytes in the cofactors in enzyme activation

A

Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc, Manganese, Chloride, Potassium

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29
Q

Electrolytes in Regulation of adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) ion pumps

A

Magnesium

3 Cardiac ions:
Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium

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30
Q

Electrolytes in Acid-base balance

A

Bicarbonate, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate

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31
Q

Electrolytes in Blood coagulation

A

Calcium and Magnesium

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32
Q

Electrolytes in Neuromuscular Excitability

A

Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium

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33
Q

Electrolytes in Production and use of ATP from glucose

A

Magnesium and Phosphate

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34
Q

An ion that maintains the volume and osmotic

regulation extracellularly

A

Sodium

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35
Q

Most abundant cation extracellularly

A

Sodium

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36
Q

Most abundant anion extracellularly in plasma

A

Chloride

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37
Q

Most abundant cation intracellularly in red cell or tissues

A

Potassium

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38
Q

The major extracellular ion

A

Sodium

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39
Q

The major intracellular ion

A

Potassium

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40
Q

It is the most single important analyte in terms of an abnormality that is immediately life-threatening

A

Potassium

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41
Q

It is the #1 ion among the biochemical
analytes that maintains cardiac muscle
rhythm & contractility

A

Potassium

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42
Q

The concentration of this analyte
should ALWAYS be MAINTAINED
within the reference level

A

Potassium

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43
Q

T/F: When the concentration of potassium rises or falls, it can be immediately life-threatening.

A

True

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44
Q

T/F: If hyperkalemia occurs or the heart muscle contracts, it will turn to arrhythmia

A

FALSE - heart will just stop.

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45
Q

T/F: If hypokalemia occurs or the heart muscle contracts, the heart will just stop.

A

FALSE - If hypokalemia occurs, the cardiac muscle contraction will turn to arrhythmia.

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46
Q

T/F: Some don’t die with kidney failure but
with cardiac arrest due to excess of
electrolytes.

A

TRUE

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47
Q

A general enzyme activator in the cofactors in enzyme activation

A

Calcium

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48
Q

This enzyme requires most calcium

A

AMYLASE

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49
Q

This is a requirement for LD in the cofactors in enzyme activation

A

Zinc

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50
Q

Also considered as an activator for ALP

A

Zinc

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51
Q

Secondary activator for ALP

A

Manganese

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52
Q

Most prominent or only significant anion

activator

A

Chloride

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53
Q

Most important buffer ion in the acid-base balance

A

Bicarbonate

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54
Q

A base electrolyte that influences alkalinity

A

Bicarbonate

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55
Q

An electrolyte that influences acidity.

A

Chloride

55
Q

An electrolyte that influences acidity.

A

Chloride

56
Q

It is responsible for the acid-base balance and contributes to the pH because the
negative charge should be maintained

A

Inorganic phosphate

57
Q

It is range of the human blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

58
Q

are the organs that maintain the human blood pH, along with buffer ions.

A

Lungs and Kidneys

59
Q

Respiration is monitored by the _______.
Metabolic is monitored and regulated
by the ________.

A

Lungs; Kidneys

60
Q

Minor buffer ions:

A

Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate

61
Q

This electrolyte helps in the intrinsic pathway in the common pathway and extrinsic pathway

A

Magnesium

62
Q

It is the only ion so far utilized in the replication of DNA and translation of mRNA.

A

Magnesium

63
Q

It is utilized in the form of MgCl2

A

Magnesium

64
Q

____________: strives in temperatures
higher than 80oC
____________: thrives in high temperatures
____________: thrives in moderate temperatures
____________: thrives in cold temperatures

A

Hyperthermophile: strives in temperatures
higher than 80oC
Thermophile: thrives in high temperatures
Mesophile: thrives in moderate temperatures
Psychrophiles: thrives in cold temperatures

65
Q

These electrolytes maintain volume and osmotic regulation outside the cell

A

Sodium and Chloride

66
Q

This maintains volume and osmotic

regulation inside the cell

A

Potassium

67
Q

T/F: Electrolytes are intracellularly in nature only.

A

False- Both intracellularly
and extracellularly
located.

68
Q

T/F: Electrolyte has direct correlation with specific organs.

A

False - No direct correlation with specific organs.

69
Q

The three compartments of electrolytes are:

A

intracellular, intravascular and interstitial

70
Q

_________ membrane permeability means that there was a large cellular membrane breakage that allows leakage of enzymes

A

Increase

71
Q

The average water content of the human body

A

40% to 75% of total body weight,

72
Q

Water values decline with ____ and ______

A

Age and obesity and mass

73
Q

T/F: Men has higher water content than women

A

True - Women have lower average water content than do men as a
result of a higher fat content.

74
Q

is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for transporting nutrients to cells

A

Water

75
Q

is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for determining cell volume by its transport into and out of
cells

A

Water

76
Q

is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for removal of waste products by way of urine;

A

Water

77
Q

acting as the body’s coolant by way of sweating

A

Water

78
Q

An analyte that is maintained by the kidneys since it maintains osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

79
Q

Kidney maintains the balance of electrolytes

A

electrohomeostasis

80
Q

Lungs maintain acid in the form of

A

partial carbon dioxide

81
Q

Kidneys maintain the base in the form

A

bicarbonate

82
Q

The Body’s coolant

A

Sweating

83
Q

Percentage of water inside the cells

A

60% of the body’s water

84
Q

is the fluid inside the cells
and accounts for about two-thirds of total body water
(65%)

A

Intracellular fluid

85
Q

It accounts for the other one-third of total body water

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

86
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is subdivided into:

A

intravascular ECF (plasma) and Interstitial in between cells

87
Q

It is a mechanism that requires energy to

move ions across cellular membrane

A

Active transport

88
Q

It is the passive movement of ions (no energy
consumed) across a membrane and depends on both the size and charge of the ion being transported, and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing

A

Diffusion

89
Q

is a process by which an ion or molecules passes through a cell wall, via a concentration
gradient, or from an area of high concentration an area of
low concentration

A

Passive transport

90
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF): _______ of TBW (approx. 24 L) or_____ of total body weight

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF): two-third of TBW (approx. 24 L) or 40% of total body weight

91
Q 
Extracellular fluid (ECF): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of TBW (approx.
16 L) or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of total body weight
A 
Extracellular fluid (ECF): one-third of TBW (approx.
16 L) or 20% of total body weight
92
Q

Water content of plasma is ________ % higher than that of whole
blood

A

Water content of plasma is 12% higher than that of whole

blood

93
Q

It is caused to 10 to 20 liters of water excreted daily or severe polyuria

A

Deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP)

94
Q

clinical condition characterized by the absence
of arginine vasopressin (AVP) resulting to
severe polyuria

A

Diabetes Insipidus

95
Q

2 types of diabetes insipidus

A 
Nephrogenic DI
Neurogenic DI (brain)
96
Q

Related to absolute deficiency of AVP

A

Neurogenic DI

97
Q

VP is a hormone, it is secreted by _________. Then, it
will be delivered to the _____________, which serves as
the site and storage of AVP.

A

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland

98
Q

It is the ONLY endocrine gland that has no capacity to secrete hormones,
the ONLY function of the gland is to store and release hormones (AVP) to
the blood circulation.

A

PPG

99
Q 
Adenohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_ PG
Neurohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ PG
A 
Adenohypophysis = anterior PG
Neurohypophysis = posterior PG
99
Q 
Adenohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_ PG
Neurohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ PG
A 
Adenohypophysis = anterior PG
Neurohypophysis = posterior PG
100
Q

is the hormone that is responsible for renal absorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.

A

ADH or AVP

100
Q

is the hormone that is responsible for renal absorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.

A

ADH or AVP

101
Q

Major sweat electrolytes:

A

Sodium and Chloride

102
Q

It is a measure of body fat based on height (meter) and

weight (kilogram) that applies to adult men and women.

A

BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)

103
Q

Fluids always contain equal numbers of cations and

anions—this balance of changes is referred to as __________

A

Electroneutrality

104
Q

is a type of cellular transport in which substances (e.g. ions, glucose, and amino acids) are transported across a biological membrane towards the
region that already contains a lot of such substances.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

105
Q

It is also known as passive diffusion is a process by which an ion or molecule passes through a cell wall via a concentration gradient, or from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration without
ATP.

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

106
Q

Sources of Body Water

A 
Drink
Food
Fat metabolism
Protein metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
107
Q

It is a physical property of a solution that is based
on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per
kilogram of solvent (w/w)

A

OSMOLALITY

108
Q

Osmolality is an important parameter to which the ___________
responds

A

Hypothalamus

109
Q

Greatest contributor in osmolality

A

Sodium

110
Q

It is an organ function test that uses osmolality

A

Kidney Function Test

111
Q

3 components of kidney function test:

A

Tubular function test
Glomerular filtration rate test
Renal blood flow test (RBF)

112
Q

The term osmolarity is still occasionally used, with results
reported in milliosmoles per liter (w/v), but it is inaccurate
in cases of

A

hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia;
○ for urine specimens; or
○ in the presence of certain osmotically active substances,
such as alcohol or mannitol

113
Q

If we are dehydrated, the solvent concentration will be

___________

A

decreased

114
Q

If we take in too much salt, the solute concentration will

be ___________

A

increased

115
Q

It is a major defense against hyperosmolality and

hypernatremia

A

Thirst

116
Q

In active transport, sodium is located in

A

proximal convoluted tubule

117
Q

In passive transport, sodium is located in

A

Ascending loop of Henle

118
Q

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the

hypothalamus (synthesis site)

A

AVP

119
Q

Increases tubule permeability to water so more water

is reabsorbed into the circulation

A

AVP

120
Q

Regulates total concentration of blood through water

balance (through osmotic homeostasis)

A

AVP

121
Q

Sodium retention

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

122
Q

Critical regulator of blood volume and systemic

vascular resistance

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

123
Q

Elevates blood volume and arterial tone in a
prolonged manner - by increasing sodium
reabsorption, water reabsorption, and vascular tone

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

124
Q

is the difference between measured and

calculated plasma osmolality

A

Osmolal gap

125
Q

ARGININE VASOPRESSIN (AVP) HORMONE is produced in _______________

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of

hypothalamus

126
Q

acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting

ducts to reabsorb water

A

AVP

127
Q

In RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM, it is a proteolytic enzyme. It is secreted near the ___________—

A

Renin; glomeruli

128
Q

It has no direct biological function except that high levels

can stimulate catecholamine production

A

Angiotensinogen I (decapeptide)

129
Q

It is formed from Angiotensin I through hydrolysis by the

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

A

Angiotensinogen II (octapeptide)

130
Q

Steroid hormone - “mineralocorticoid”

A

ALDOSTERONE

131
Q

Aldosterone is found in the __________________ of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa

132
Q

Zona _______________ - synthesis of cortisol

Zona______________ - synthesis of aldosterone

A

Zona fasciculata - synthesis of cortisol

○ Zona glomerulosa - synthesis of aldosterone

132
Q

Zona _______________ - synthesis of cortisol

Zona______________ - synthesis of aldosterone

A

Zona fasciculata - synthesis of cortisol

○ Zona glomerulosa - synthesis of aldosterone

133
Q

One of the major components in the RAAS

A

Aldosterone

Clinical Chemistry 2 (4 decks)

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