Electrolytes Flashcards
1
Q
Are ions (minerals) capable of carrying an electric charge
A
Electrolytes
2
Q
A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and acquires
the capacity to conduct electricity
A
Electrolytes
3
Q
They are classified as either anions or cations based on the
type of charge they carry
A
Electrolytes
4
Q
positive charge; move toward cathode
A
Cations
5
Q
Negative charge; move toward anode
A
Anions
6
Q
positive charge; move toward _________.
A
Cathode
7
Q
negative charge; move toward ________.
A
Anode
8
Q
Readily absorbed from the ___________ into the circulation
A
GIT
9
Q
Electrolytes filtered at the ________.
A
Glomerulus
10
Q
What organ in the body that maintains and sustains the electric homoeostasis (electrolyte concentrations)?
A
Kidneys
11
Q
An organ that balances & regulates the electrolytes in the body.
A
Kidney
12
Q
T/F: Kidneys regulate the pH (acid-base) balance in the body.
A
TRUE - Kidneys do not only balance electrolytes, but also regulates the pH (acid-base) balance in the body
13
Q
T/F: Will the kidneys perform reabsorption or
excretion automatically?
A
TRUE - As influenced by endocrines and electrolytes.
14
Q
T/F: Does urine has electrolytes?
A
TRUE
15
Q
There is interrelationship among the 3E’s
A
Enzymes, Electrolytes, Endocrines
16
Q
These are enzyme activators, wherein ions are stabilizing agents to enzymatic reactions.
A
Enzymes & Electrolytes
17
Q
A gland that plays a major in electro-regulating hormone.
A
ALDOSTERONE
18
Q
Aldosterone maintains the major ions in plasma; these includes:
A
Na, K, Cl, HCO3, and H ions
19
Q
It is where aldosterone can be found _______.
A
Adrenal cortex
20
Q
This corticoid is secreted from adrenal cortex which is important because it regulates the balance of electrolytes by assisting renal.
A
Mineralocorticoids:
21
Q
The best sample to measure enzyme:
A
Serum
22
Q
T/F: This anticoagulants remove enzyme activators
A
True
22
Q
T/F: This anticoagulants remove enzyme activators
A
True
23
Q
An alternative to serum:
A
Heparinized plasma
24
Electrolytes maintain water homeostasis:
Na+, K+, Cl- HCO3-
25
What are the electrolytes in body fluid compartments (intracellular & extracellular)?
Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorus (INTRACELLULAR)
| Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate (EXTRACELLULAR)
26
Electrolytes found in Volume and Osmotic Regulation
Sodium, Chloride, Potassium
27
Electrolytes found in Myocardial
| rhythm and contractility
Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium
28
Electrolytes in the cofactors in enzyme activation
Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc, Manganese, Chloride, Potassium
29
Electrolytes in Regulation of adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) ion pumps
Magnesium
3 Cardiac ions:
Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium
30
Electrolytes in Acid-base balance
Bicarbonate, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate
31
Electrolytes in Blood coagulation
Calcium and Magnesium
32
Electrolytes in Neuromuscular Excitability
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
33
Electrolytes in Production and use of ATP from glucose
Magnesium and Phosphate
34
An ion that maintains the volume and osmotic
| regulation extracellularly
Sodium
35
Most abundant cation extracellularly
Sodium
36
Most abundant anion extracellularly in plasma
Chloride
37
Most abundant cation intracellularly in red cell or tissues
Potassium
38
The major extracellular ion
Sodium
39
The major intracellular ion
Potassium
40
It is the most single important analyte in terms of an abnormality that is immediately life-threatening
Potassium
41
It is the #1 ion among the biochemical
analytes that maintains cardiac muscle
rhythm & contractility
Potassium
42
The concentration of this analyte
should ALWAYS be MAINTAINED
within the reference level
Potassium
43
T/F: When the concentration of potassium rises or falls, it can be immediately life-threatening.
True
44
T/F: If hyperkalemia occurs or the heart muscle contracts, it will turn to arrhythmia
FALSE - heart will just stop.
45
T/F: If hypokalemia occurs or the heart muscle contracts, the heart will just stop.
FALSE - If hypokalemia occurs, the cardiac muscle contraction will turn to arrhythmia.
46
T/F: Some don’t die with kidney failure but
with cardiac arrest due to excess of
electrolytes.
TRUE
47
A general enzyme activator in the cofactors in enzyme activation
Calcium
48
This enzyme requires most calcium
AMYLASE
49
This is a requirement for LD in the cofactors in enzyme activation
Zinc
50
Also considered as an activator for ALP
Zinc
51
Secondary activator for ALP
Manganese
52
Most prominent or only significant anion
| activator
Chloride
53
Most important buffer ion in the acid-base balance
Bicarbonate
54
A base electrolyte that influences alkalinity
Bicarbonate
55
An electrolyte that influences acidity.
Chloride
55
An electrolyte that influences acidity.
Chloride
56
It is responsible for the acid-base balance and contributes to the pH because the
negative charge should be maintained
Inorganic phosphate
57
It is range of the human blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
58
are the organs that maintain the human blood pH, along with buffer ions.
Lungs and Kidneys
59
Respiration is monitored by the _______.
Metabolic is monitored and regulated
by the ________.
Lungs; Kidneys
60
Minor buffer ions:
Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate
61
This electrolyte helps in the intrinsic pathway in the common pathway and extrinsic pathway
Magnesium
62
It is the only ion so far utilized in the replication of DNA and translation of mRNA.
Magnesium
63
It is utilized in the form of MgCl2
Magnesium
64
____________: strives in temperatures
higher than 80oC
____________: thrives in high temperatures
____________: thrives in moderate temperatures
____________: thrives in cold temperatures
Hyperthermophile: strives in temperatures
higher than 80oC
Thermophile: thrives in high temperatures
Mesophile: thrives in moderate temperatures
Psychrophiles: thrives in cold temperatures
65
These electrolytes maintain volume and osmotic regulation outside the cell
Sodium and Chloride
66
This maintains volume and osmotic
| regulation inside the cell
Potassium
67
T/F: Electrolytes are intracellularly in nature only.
False- Both intracellularly
and extracellularly
located.
68
T/F: Electrolyte has direct correlation with specific organs.
False - No direct correlation with specific organs.
69
The three compartments of electrolytes are:
intracellular, intravascular and interstitial
70
_________ membrane permeability means that there was a large cellular membrane breakage that allows leakage of enzymes
Increase
71
The average water content of the human body
40% to 75% of total body weight,
72
Water values decline with ____ and ______
Age and obesity and mass
73
T/F: Men has higher water content than women
True - Women have lower average water content than do men as a
result of a higher fat content.
74
is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for transporting nutrients to cells
Water
75
is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for determining cell volume by its transport into and out of
cells
Water
76
is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for removal of waste products by way of urine;
Water
77
acting as the body's coolant by way of sweating
Water
78
An analyte that is maintained by the kidneys since it maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
79
Kidney maintains the balance of electrolytes
electrohomeostasis
80
Lungs maintain acid in the form of
partial carbon dioxide
81
Kidneys maintain the base in the form
bicarbonate
82
The Body’s coolant
Sweating
83
Percentage of water inside the cells
60% of the body’s water
84
is the fluid inside the cells
and accounts for about two-thirds of total body water
(65%)
Intracellular fluid
85
It accounts for the other one-third of total body water
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
86
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is subdivided into:
intravascular ECF (plasma) and Interstitial in between cells
87
It is a mechanism that requires energy to
| move ions across cellular membrane
Active transport
88
It is the passive movement of ions (no energy
consumed) across a membrane and depends on both the size and charge of the ion being transported, and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing
Diffusion
89
is a process by which an ion or molecules passes through a cell wall, via a concentration
gradient, or from an area of high concentration an area of
low concentration
Passive transport
90
Intracellular fluid (ICF): _______ of TBW (approx. 24 L) or_____ of total body weight
Intracellular fluid (ICF): two-third of TBW (approx. 24 L) or 40% of total body weight
91
```
Extracellular fluid (ECF): ________ of TBW (approx.
16 L) or _______ of total body weight
```
```
Extracellular fluid (ECF): one-third of TBW (approx.
16 L) or 20% of total body weight
```
92
Water content of plasma is ________ % higher than that of whole
blood
Water content of plasma is 12% higher than that of whole
| blood
93
It is caused to 10 to 20 liters of water excreted daily or severe polyuria
Deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP)
94
clinical condition characterized by the absence
of arginine vasopressin (AVP) resulting to
severe polyuria
Diabetes Insipidus
95
2 types of diabetes insipidus
```
Nephrogenic DI
Neurogenic DI (brain)
```
96
Related to absolute deficiency of AVP
Neurogenic DI
97
VP is a hormone, it is secreted by _________. Then, it
will be delivered to the _____________, which serves as
the site and storage of AVP.
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland
98
It is the ONLY endocrine gland that has no capacity to secrete hormones,
the ONLY function of the gland is to store and release hormones (AVP) to
the blood circulation.
PPG
99
```
Adenohypophysis = ______ PG
Neurohypophysis = ________ PG
```
```
Adenohypophysis = anterior PG
Neurohypophysis = posterior PG
```
99
```
Adenohypophysis = ______ PG
Neurohypophysis = ________ PG
```
```
Adenohypophysis = anterior PG
Neurohypophysis = posterior PG
```
100
is the hormone that is responsible for renal absorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.
ADH or AVP
100
is the hormone that is responsible for renal absorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.
ADH or AVP
101
Major sweat electrolytes:
Sodium and Chloride
102
It is a measure of body fat based on height (meter) and
| weight (kilogram) that applies to adult men and women.
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
103
Fluids always contain equal numbers of cations and
| anions—this balance of changes is referred to as __________
Electroneutrality
104
is a type of cellular transport in which substances (e.g. ions, glucose, and amino acids) are transported across a biological membrane towards the
region that already contains a lot of such substances.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
105
It is also known as passive diffusion is a process by which an ion or molecule passes through a cell wall via a concentration gradient, or from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration without
ATP.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
106
Sources of Body Water
```
Drink
Food
Fat metabolism
Protein metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
```
107
It is a physical property of a solution that is based
on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per
kilogram of solvent (w/w)
OSMOLALITY
108
Osmolality is an important parameter to which the ___________
responds
Hypothalamus
109
Greatest contributor in osmolality
Sodium
110
It is an organ function test that uses osmolality
Kidney Function Test
111
3 components of kidney function test:
Tubular function test
Glomerular filtration rate test
Renal blood flow test (RBF)
112
The term osmolarity is still occasionally used, with results
reported in milliosmoles per liter (w/v), but it is inaccurate
in cases of
hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia;
○ for urine specimens; or
○ in the presence of certain osmotically active substances,
such as alcohol or mannitol
113
If we are dehydrated, the solvent concentration will be
| ___________
decreased
114
If we take in too much salt, the solute concentration will
| be ___________
increased
115
It is a major defense against hyperosmolality and
| hypernatremia
Thirst
116
In active transport, sodium is located in
proximal convoluted tubule
117
In passive transport, sodium is located in
Ascending loop of Henle
118
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
| hypothalamus (synthesis site)
AVP
119
Increases tubule permeability to water so more water
| is reabsorbed into the circulation
AVP
120
Regulates total concentration of blood through water
| balance (through osmotic homeostasis)
AVP
121
Sodium retention
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
122
Critical regulator of blood volume and systemic
| vascular resistance
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
123
Elevates blood volume and arterial tone in a
prolonged manner - by increasing sodium
reabsorption, water reabsorption, and vascular tone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
124
is the difference between measured and
| calculated plasma osmolality
Osmolal gap
125
ARGININE VASOPRESSIN (AVP) HORMONE is produced in _______________
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of
| hypothalamus
126
acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting
| ducts to reabsorb water
AVP
127
In RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM, it is a proteolytic enzyme. It is secreted near the ___________---
Renin; glomeruli
128
It has no direct biological function except that high levels
| can stimulate catecholamine production
Angiotensinogen I (decapeptide)
129
It is formed from Angiotensin I through hydrolysis by the
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensinogen II (octapeptide)
130
Steroid hormone - “mineralocorticoid”
ALDOSTERONE
131
Aldosterone is found in the __________________ of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
132
Zona _______________ - synthesis of cortisol
| Zona______________ - synthesis of aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - synthesis of cortisol
| ○ Zona glomerulosa - synthesis of aldosterone
132
Zona _______________ - synthesis of cortisol
| Zona______________ - synthesis of aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - synthesis of cortisol
| ○ Zona glomerulosa - synthesis of aldosterone
133
One of the major components in the RAAS
Aldosterone
