Electrolytes Flashcards
Are ions (minerals) capable of carrying an electric charge
Electrolytes
A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and acquires
the capacity to conduct electricity
Electrolytes
They are classified as either anions or cations based on the
type of charge they carry
Electrolytes
positive charge; move toward cathode
Cations
Negative charge; move toward anode
Anions
positive charge; move toward _________.
Cathode
negative charge; move toward ________.
Anode
Readily absorbed from the ___________ into the circulation
GIT
Electrolytes filtered at the ________.
Glomerulus
What organ in the body that maintains and sustains the electric homoeostasis (electrolyte concentrations)?
Kidneys
An organ that balances & regulates the electrolytes in the body.
Kidney
T/F: Kidneys regulate the pH (acid-base) balance in the body.
TRUE - Kidneys do not only balance electrolytes, but also regulates the pH (acid-base) balance in the body
T/F: Will the kidneys perform reabsorption or
excretion automatically?
TRUE - As influenced by endocrines and electrolytes.
T/F: Does urine has electrolytes?
TRUE
There is interrelationship among the 3E’s
Enzymes, Electrolytes, Endocrines
These are enzyme activators, wherein ions are stabilizing agents to enzymatic reactions.
Enzymes & Electrolytes
A gland that plays a major in electro-regulating hormone.
ALDOSTERONE
Aldosterone maintains the major ions in plasma; these includes:
Na, K, Cl, HCO3, and H ions
It is where aldosterone can be found _______.
Adrenal cortex
This corticoid is secreted from adrenal cortex which is important because it regulates the balance of electrolytes by assisting renal.
Mineralocorticoids:
The best sample to measure enzyme:
Serum
T/F: This anticoagulants remove enzyme activators
True
T/F: This anticoagulants remove enzyme activators
True
An alternative to serum:
Heparinized plasma
Electrolytes maintain water homeostasis:
Na+, K+, Cl- HCO3-
What are the electrolytes in body fluid compartments (intracellular & extracellular)?
Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorus (INTRACELLULAR)
Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate (EXTRACELLULAR)
Electrolytes found in Volume and Osmotic Regulation
Sodium, Chloride, Potassium
Electrolytes found in Myocardial
rhythm and contractility
Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium
Electrolytes in the cofactors in enzyme activation
Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc, Manganese, Chloride, Potassium
Electrolytes in Regulation of adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) ion pumps
Magnesium
3 Cardiac ions:
Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium
Electrolytes in Acid-base balance
Bicarbonate, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate
Electrolytes in Blood coagulation
Calcium and Magnesium
Electrolytes in Neuromuscular Excitability
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
Electrolytes in Production and use of ATP from glucose
Magnesium and Phosphate
An ion that maintains the volume and osmotic
regulation extracellularly
Sodium
Most abundant cation extracellularly
Sodium
Most abundant anion extracellularly in plasma
Chloride
Most abundant cation intracellularly in red cell or tissues
Potassium
The major extracellular ion
Sodium
The major intracellular ion
Potassium
It is the most single important analyte in terms of an abnormality that is immediately life-threatening
Potassium
It is the #1 ion among the biochemical
analytes that maintains cardiac muscle
rhythm & contractility
Potassium
The concentration of this analyte
should ALWAYS be MAINTAINED
within the reference level
Potassium
T/F: When the concentration of potassium rises or falls, it can be immediately life-threatening.
True
T/F: If hyperkalemia occurs or the heart muscle contracts, it will turn to arrhythmia
FALSE - heart will just stop.
T/F: If hypokalemia occurs or the heart muscle contracts, the heart will just stop.
FALSE - If hypokalemia occurs, the cardiac muscle contraction will turn to arrhythmia.
T/F: Some don’t die with kidney failure but
with cardiac arrest due to excess of
electrolytes.
TRUE
A general enzyme activator in the cofactors in enzyme activation
Calcium
This enzyme requires most calcium
AMYLASE
This is a requirement for LD in the cofactors in enzyme activation
Zinc
Also considered as an activator for ALP
Zinc
Secondary activator for ALP
Manganese
Most prominent or only significant anion
activator
Chloride
Most important buffer ion in the acid-base balance
Bicarbonate
A base electrolyte that influences alkalinity
Bicarbonate
An electrolyte that influences acidity.
Chloride
An electrolyte that influences acidity.
Chloride
It is responsible for the acid-base balance and contributes to the pH because the
negative charge should be maintained
Inorganic phosphate
It is range of the human blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
are the organs that maintain the human blood pH, along with buffer ions.
Lungs and Kidneys
Respiration is monitored by the _______.
Metabolic is monitored and regulated
by the ________.
Lungs; Kidneys
Minor buffer ions:
Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate
This electrolyte helps in the intrinsic pathway in the common pathway and extrinsic pathway
Magnesium
It is the only ion so far utilized in the replication of DNA and translation of mRNA.
Magnesium
It is utilized in the form of MgCl2
Magnesium
____________: strives in temperatures
higher than 80oC
____________: thrives in high temperatures
____________: thrives in moderate temperatures
____________: thrives in cold temperatures
Hyperthermophile: strives in temperatures
higher than 80oC
Thermophile: thrives in high temperatures
Mesophile: thrives in moderate temperatures
Psychrophiles: thrives in cold temperatures
These electrolytes maintain volume and osmotic regulation outside the cell
Sodium and Chloride
This maintains volume and osmotic
regulation inside the cell
Potassium
T/F: Electrolytes are intracellularly in nature only.
False- Both intracellularly
and extracellularly
located.
T/F: Electrolyte has direct correlation with specific organs.
False - No direct correlation with specific organs.
The three compartments of electrolytes are:
intracellular, intravascular and interstitial
_________ membrane permeability means that there was a large cellular membrane breakage that allows leakage of enzymes
Increase
The average water content of the human body
40% to 75% of total body weight,
Water values decline with ____ and ______
Age and obesity and mass
T/F: Men has higher water content than women
True - Women have lower average water content than do men as a
result of a higher fat content.
is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for transporting nutrients to cells
Water
is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for determining cell volume by its transport into and out of
cells
Water
is the solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for removal of waste products by way of urine;
Water
acting as the body’s coolant by way of sweating
Water
An analyte that is maintained by the kidneys since it maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
Kidney maintains the balance of electrolytes
electrohomeostasis
Lungs maintain acid in the form of
partial carbon dioxide
Kidneys maintain the base in the form
bicarbonate
The Body’s coolant
Sweating
Percentage of water inside the cells
60% of the body’s water
is the fluid inside the cells
and accounts for about two-thirds of total body water
(65%)
Intracellular fluid
It accounts for the other one-third of total body water
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is subdivided into:
intravascular ECF (plasma) and Interstitial in between cells
It is a mechanism that requires energy to
move ions across cellular membrane
Active transport
It is the passive movement of ions (no energy
consumed) across a membrane and depends on both the size and charge of the ion being transported, and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing
Diffusion
is a process by which an ion or molecules passes through a cell wall, via a concentration
gradient, or from an area of high concentration an area of
low concentration
Passive transport
Intracellular fluid (ICF): _______ of TBW (approx. 24 L) or_____ of total body weight
Intracellular fluid (ICF): two-third of TBW (approx. 24 L) or 40% of total body weight
Extracellular fluid (ECF): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of TBW (approx. 16 L) or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of total body weight
Extracellular fluid (ECF): one-third of TBW (approx. 16 L) or 20% of total body weight
Water content of plasma is ________ % higher than that of whole
blood
Water content of plasma is 12% higher than that of whole
blood
It is caused to 10 to 20 liters of water excreted daily or severe polyuria
Deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP)
clinical condition characterized by the absence
of arginine vasopressin (AVP) resulting to
severe polyuria
Diabetes Insipidus
2 types of diabetes insipidus
Nephrogenic DI Neurogenic DI (brain)
Related to absolute deficiency of AVP
Neurogenic DI
VP is a hormone, it is secreted by _________. Then, it
will be delivered to the _____________, which serves as
the site and storage of AVP.
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland
It is the ONLY endocrine gland that has no capacity to secrete hormones,
the ONLY function of the gland is to store and release hormones (AVP) to
the blood circulation.
PPG
Adenohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_ PG Neurohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ PG
Adenohypophysis = anterior PG Neurohypophysis = posterior PG
Adenohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_ PG Neurohypophysis = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ PG
Adenohypophysis = anterior PG Neurohypophysis = posterior PG
is the hormone that is responsible for renal absorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.
ADH or AVP
is the hormone that is responsible for renal absorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.
ADH or AVP
Major sweat electrolytes:
Sodium and Chloride
It is a measure of body fat based on height (meter) and
weight (kilogram) that applies to adult men and women.
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
Fluids always contain equal numbers of cations and
anions—this balance of changes is referred to as __________
Electroneutrality
is a type of cellular transport in which substances (e.g. ions, glucose, and amino acids) are transported across a biological membrane towards the
region that already contains a lot of such substances.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
It is also known as passive diffusion is a process by which an ion or molecule passes through a cell wall via a concentration gradient, or from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration without
ATP.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Sources of Body Water
Drink Food Fat metabolism Protein metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism
It is a physical property of a solution that is based
on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per
kilogram of solvent (w/w)
OSMOLALITY
Osmolality is an important parameter to which the ___________
responds
Hypothalamus
Greatest contributor in osmolality
Sodium
It is an organ function test that uses osmolality
Kidney Function Test
3 components of kidney function test:
Tubular function test
Glomerular filtration rate test
Renal blood flow test (RBF)
The term osmolarity is still occasionally used, with results
reported in milliosmoles per liter (w/v), but it is inaccurate
in cases of
hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia;
○ for urine specimens; or
○ in the presence of certain osmotically active substances,
such as alcohol or mannitol
If we are dehydrated, the solvent concentration will be
___________
decreased
If we take in too much salt, the solute concentration will
be ___________
increased
It is a major defense against hyperosmolality and
hypernatremia
Thirst
In active transport, sodium is located in
proximal convoluted tubule
In passive transport, sodium is located in
Ascending loop of Henle
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus (synthesis site)
AVP
Increases tubule permeability to water so more water
is reabsorbed into the circulation
AVP
Regulates total concentration of blood through water
balance (through osmotic homeostasis)
AVP
Sodium retention
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Critical regulator of blood volume and systemic
vascular resistance
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Elevates blood volume and arterial tone in a
prolonged manner - by increasing sodium
reabsorption, water reabsorption, and vascular tone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
is the difference between measured and
calculated plasma osmolality
Osmolal gap
ARGININE VASOPRESSIN (AVP) HORMONE is produced in _______________
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of
hypothalamus
acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting
ducts to reabsorb water
AVP
In RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM, it is a proteolytic enzyme. It is secreted near the ___________—
Renin; glomeruli
It has no direct biological function except that high levels
can stimulate catecholamine production
Angiotensinogen I (decapeptide)
It is formed from Angiotensin I through hydrolysis by the
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensinogen II (octapeptide)
Steroid hormone - “mineralocorticoid”
ALDOSTERONE
Aldosterone is found in the __________________ of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
Zona _______________ - synthesis of cortisol
Zona______________ - synthesis of aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - synthesis of cortisol
○ Zona glomerulosa - synthesis of aldosterone
Zona _______________ - synthesis of cortisol
Zona______________ - synthesis of aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - synthesis of cortisol
○ Zona glomerulosa - synthesis of aldosterone
One of the major components in the RAAS
Aldosterone