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Nephrology > Electrolyte imbalances > Flashcards

Electrolyte imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

A

Renal failure, Heart failure, Liver failure, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Small bowel obstruction, Addison’s disease, SIADH, Hyperglycaemia, Fluid overload, Diuretics, PPIs

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2
Q

Symptoms of hyponatraemia

A

Nausea, Anorexia, Headache, Confusion, Weakness, Seizures

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3
Q

Investigations for hyponatraemia

A

Bloods: U+Es, BNP, Osmolarity

Urine dip/osmolarity

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4
Q

Blood findings with hyponatraemia

A

U+Es: Raised Na, Cr, Urea

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5
Q

Urine dip finding with hyponatraemia

A

Protein

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6
Q

Management of hyponatraemia

A

Treat the cause

Medical: 0.9% NaCl, ADH antagonists, Oral Na

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7
Q

Define hypernatraemia

A

Na >146mmol/L

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8
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia

A

Sweat, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Burns, Urinary loss, Diabetes insipidus, Aldosteronism, Excess saline

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9
Q

Hypovolemic causes of hypernatraemia

A

Sweat, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Burns, Urinary loss

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10
Q

Euvolemic cause of hypernatraemia

A

Diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

Hypervolemic cause of hypernatraemia

A

Aldosteronism, Excess saline

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12
Q

Symptoms of hypernatraemia

A

Lethargy, Weakness, Confusion, Fits, Nausea, Thirst

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13
Q

Investigations for hypernatraemia

A

Bloods: U+Es, Osmolarity

Urine osmolarity

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14
Q

Blood findings with hypernatraemia

A

U+Es: Raised Na and Urea

Osmolarity: Raised

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15
Q

Management of hypernatraemia

A

Conservative: Increase oral intake
Medical: IV 0.9% NaCl

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16
Q

Complication of rapid Na correction

A

Cerebral oedema

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17
Q

Define hyperkalaemia

A

K >5.5mmol/L

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18
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

Renal failure, Acidosis, K sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Burns, Crush injuries, Addison’s disease

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19
Q

Drugs that cause hyperkalaemia

A

K sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors

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20
Q

Common arrhythmias caused by hyperkalaemia

A

VF, Bradyarrhythmia

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21
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A

Palpitations, Dizziness, Chest pain, Weakness

22
Q

Signs of hyperkalaemia

A

Irregular pulse

23
Q

Investigations for hyperkalaemia

A

Bloods: U+Es

ABG (acidosis), ECG

24
Q

ECG findings with hyperkalaemia

A

Tall tented T waves, Flat P waves, Broad QRS

25
Management of hyperkalaemia
Calcium gluconate IV, Salbutamol Nebs, Insulin/Dextrose 10u/50%
26
Causes of hypokalaemia
Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Diuretics, Steroids, Insulin, Salbutamol, Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Alkalosis, Renal artery stenosis
27
Sequelae of hypokalaemia
Arrhythmia
28
Symptoms of hypokalaemia
Weakness, Cramps, Palpitations, Nausea, Paraesthesia
29
Signs of hypokalaemia
Muscle weakness, Hypotonia
30
Investigations for hypokalaemia
Bloods: U+Es | ABG, ECG
31
ECG findings with hypokalaemia
Flat/Inverted T waves, U waves, ST depression
32
Define a U wave
Upward deflections following the T waves
33
Management of hypokalaemia
Oral supplementation, IV fluids with K
34
Causes of hypocalcaemia
Hypoparathyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency, Acute pancreatitis, Respiratory alkalosis, CKD, Rhabdomyolitis, Osteomalcia, Fluid overload
35
Symptoms of hypocalcaemia
Spasms, Parathesia, Anxiety, Confusion, Fatigue, Irritability
36
Signs of hypocalcaemia
Hyperreflexia, Tetany, Hypotension, Bradycardia
37
Complications of hypocalcaemia
Seizures, Arrhythmia
38
Investigations for hypocalcaemia
Bloods: U+Es, LFTs, PTH | ECG, ABG
39
Blood findings with hypocalcaemia
U+Es: Raised Ca, Deranged phoshate | LFTs: Raised ALP
40
ECG finding with hypocalcaemia
Prolonged QT
41
Management of hypocalcaemia
Treat cause | Oral Ca, 10% Ca gluconate IV
42
Define hypercalcaemia
Ca >3mmol/L
43
Causes of hypercalcaemia
Hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Dehydration, Sarcoidosis
44
PTH finding with hyperparathyroidism
High
45
PTH finding with malignancy
Low
46
Sequelae of hypercalcaemia
Arrhythmia
47
Symptoms of hypercalcaemia
Abdominal paiin, Constipation, Polyuria, Polydypsia, depression, Weight loss, Tiredness, Confusion, Vomiting
48
Signs of hypercalcaemia
Hypertension, Pyrexia
49
Investigations for hypercalcaemia
Bloods: U+Es, PTH, Inflammatory markers | ECG, CT CAP, 24hr Urine Ca
50
Blood findings with hypercalcaemia
U+Es: Raised Phosphate, ALP - Low Cl, K | PTH deranged
51
Management of hypercalcaemia
Treat the cause | Bisphosphinates, Correct dehydration

Nephrology (4 decks)

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