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Nephrology > Electrolyte imbalances > Flashcards

Electrolyte imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

A

Renal failure, Heart failure, Liver failure, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Small bowel obstruction, Addison’s disease, SIADH, Hyperglycaemia, Fluid overload, Diuretics, PPIs

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2
Q

Symptoms of hyponatraemia

A

Nausea, Anorexia, Headache, Confusion, Weakness, Seizures

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3
Q

Investigations for hyponatraemia

A

Bloods: U+Es, BNP, Osmolarity

Urine dip/osmolarity

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4
Q

Blood findings with hyponatraemia

A

U+Es: Raised Na, Cr, Urea

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5
Q

Urine dip finding with hyponatraemia

A

Protein

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6
Q

Management of hyponatraemia

A

Treat the cause

Medical: 0.9% NaCl, ADH antagonists, Oral Na

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7
Q

Define hypernatraemia

A

Na >146mmol/L

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8
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia

A

Sweat, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Burns, Urinary loss, Diabetes insipidus, Aldosteronism, Excess saline

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9
Q

Hypovolemic causes of hypernatraemia

A

Sweat, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Burns, Urinary loss

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10
Q

Euvolemic cause of hypernatraemia

A

Diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

Hypervolemic cause of hypernatraemia

A

Aldosteronism, Excess saline

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12
Q

Symptoms of hypernatraemia

A

Lethargy, Weakness, Confusion, Fits, Nausea, Thirst

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13
Q

Investigations for hypernatraemia

A

Bloods: U+Es, Osmolarity

Urine osmolarity

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14
Q

Blood findings with hypernatraemia

A

U+Es: Raised Na and Urea

Osmolarity: Raised

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15
Q

Management of hypernatraemia

A

Conservative: Increase oral intake
Medical: IV 0.9% NaCl

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16
Q

Complication of rapid Na correction

A

Cerebral oedema

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17
Q

Define hyperkalaemia

A

K >5.5mmol/L

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18
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

Renal failure, Acidosis, K sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Burns, Crush injuries, Addison’s disease

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19
Q

Drugs that cause hyperkalaemia

A

K sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors

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20
Q

Common arrhythmias caused by hyperkalaemia

A

VF, Bradyarrhythmia

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21
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A

Palpitations, Dizziness, Chest pain, Weakness

22
Q

Signs of hyperkalaemia

A

Irregular pulse

23
Q

Investigations for hyperkalaemia

A

Bloods: U+Es

ABG (acidosis), ECG

24
Q

ECG findings with hyperkalaemia

A

Tall tented T waves, Flat P waves, Broad QRS

25
Q

Management of hyperkalaemia

A

Calcium gluconate IV, Salbutamol Nebs, Insulin/Dextrose 10u/50%

26
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A

Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Diuretics, Steroids, Insulin, Salbutamol, Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s syndrome, Alkalosis, Renal artery stenosis

27
Q

Sequelae of hypokalaemia

A

Arrhythmia

28
Q

Symptoms of hypokalaemia

A

Weakness, Cramps, Palpitations, Nausea, Paraesthesia

29
Q

Signs of hypokalaemia

A

Muscle weakness, Hypotonia

30
Q

Investigations for hypokalaemia

A

Bloods: U+Es

ABG, ECG

31
Q

ECG findings with hypokalaemia

A

Flat/Inverted T waves, U waves, ST depression

32
Q

Define a U wave

A

Upward deflections following the T waves

33
Q

Management of hypokalaemia

A

Oral supplementation, IV fluids with K

34
Q

Causes of hypocalcaemia

A

Hypoparathyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency, Acute pancreatitis, Respiratory alkalosis, CKD, Rhabdomyolitis, Osteomalcia, Fluid overload

35
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

Spasms, Parathesia, Anxiety, Confusion, Fatigue, Irritability

36
Q

Signs of hypocalcaemia

A

Hyperreflexia, Tetany, Hypotension, Bradycardia

37
Q

Complications of hypocalcaemia

A

Seizures, Arrhythmia

38
Q

Investigations for hypocalcaemia

A

Bloods: U+Es, LFTs, PTH

ECG, ABG

39
Q

Blood findings with hypocalcaemia

A

U+Es: Raised Ca, Deranged phoshate

LFTs: Raised ALP

40
Q

ECG finding with hypocalcaemia

A

Prolonged QT

41
Q

Management of hypocalcaemia

A

Treat cause

Oral Ca, 10% Ca gluconate IV

42
Q

Define hypercalcaemia

A

Ca >3mmol/L

43
Q

Causes of hypercalcaemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Dehydration, Sarcoidosis

44
Q

PTH finding with hyperparathyroidism

A

High

45
Q

PTH finding with malignancy

A

Low

46
Q

Sequelae of hypercalcaemia

A

Arrhythmia

47
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A

Abdominal paiin, Constipation, Polyuria, Polydypsia, depression, Weight loss, Tiredness, Confusion, Vomiting

48
Q

Signs of hypercalcaemia

A

Hypertension, Pyrexia

49
Q

Investigations for hypercalcaemia

A

Bloods: U+Es, PTH, Inflammatory markers

ECG, CT CAP, 24hr Urine Ca

50
Q

Blood findings with hypercalcaemia

A

U+Es: Raised Phosphate, ALP - Low Cl, K

PTH deranged

51
Q

Management of hypercalcaemia

A

Treat the cause

Bisphosphinates, Correct dehydration

Nephrology (4 decks)

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