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Cardiovascular > Electrocardiogram > Flashcards

Electrocardiogram Flashcards

1
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

Atrial repolarization is masked by QRS complex

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2
Q

PR interval

A

conduction delay through AV node (normally <200 msec)

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3
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization (normally <120 msec)

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4
Q

QT interval

A

mechanical contraction of the ventricles

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5
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

inversion may indicate recent MI

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6
Q

ST segment

A

isoelectric, ventricles depolarized

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7
Q

U wave

A

caused by hypokalemia, bradycardia

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8
Q

Speed of conduction from fastest to slowest

A

Purkinje > atria > ventricle > AV node

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9
Q

Pacemakers

A

SA > AV > bundle of His/Purkinje/ventricles

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10
Q

Conduction pathway

A

SA node –> atria –> AV node –> common bundle –> bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers –> ventricles

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11
Q

Inherent pacemaker

A

SA node “pacemaker” inherent dominance with slow phase of upstroke

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12
Q

Pacemaker with delay

A

AV node has 100 msec delay - AV delay to allow time for ventricular filling

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13
Q

Torsades de pointes - what?
What can cause?
Tx?

A

VT characterized by shifting sinusoidal waveform of ECG - can progress to Vfib
Anything that prolongs QT interval can predispose
Tx with magnesium sulfate

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14
Q

Congenital long QT syndromes

A

Torsades de pointes
Due to defects in cardiac sodium or potassium channels
Can present with severe congenital sensorinerual deafness (Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome)

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15
Q

Atrial fibrillation ECG looks like?
Can result in?
Tx?

A

Chaotic and erratic baselines (irregularly irregular) with no discrete P waves in between irregularly spaced QRS complexes
Can result in atrial stasis –> stroke
Tx: rate control, anticoag, possible cardioversion

http://www.learnekgs.com/atrialfibrillation.htm

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16
Q

Atrial flutter ECG looks like?

Tx?

A 
A rapid succession of identical back to back atrial depolarizations waves (saw tooth appearance of flutter waves).
Tx: pharm conversion to sinus with class IA, IC, or III antiarrhythmics and Beta blocker or CCB for rate control

http://www.learnekgs.com/atrialflutter.htm

17
Q

Ventricular fibrillation ECG looks like?
Can result in?
Tx?

A

Completely erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves.
Fatal arrhythmia without immediate CPR and defibrillation.

http://www.learnekgs.com/ventricularfibrillation.htm

18
Q

1st degree AV block ECG looks like?

Presents with?

A

The PR interval is prolonged (>200 msec)
Asymptomatic

http://www.12leads.com/firstdegreeblock.htm

19
Q

2nd degree AV block type 1 ECG looks like?
Other name?
Presents with?

A

Progressive lenthening of the PR interval until a beat is “dropped” (= p wave not followed by a QRS complex)
Wenckebach (Mobitz type I)
Usually asymptomatic

http://www.12leads.com/seconddegreetype1.htm

20
Q

2nd degree AV block type 2 ECG looks like?
Other name?
Presents with?
Tx with?

A

Dropped beats that are not preceded by a change in the length of the PR interval.
Mobitz type II
These non-conducted p waves result in a pathological condition. Often a 2:1 block where there are 2 or more P waves to 1 QRS. May progress to 3rd degree.
Often treated with pacemaker.

http://www.12leads.com/seconddegreetype2.htm

21
Q

3rd degree AV block ECG looks like?
Due to?
Tx with?

A

Both P waves and QRS complexes are present although the P waves bear no relation to the QRS complexes.
The atria and ventricle beat independently of each other. Atrial rate is faster than the ventricular rate. Lyme disease can cause.
Tx with pacemaker

http://www.12leads.com/thirddegree.htm

22
Q 
Atrial natriuretic peptide 
Release from? 
Causes - vascular and renal?
Mechanism?
Overall effect?
A

ANP released from atrial myocytes in response to increased blood volume and atrial pressure.
Causes generalized vascular relaxation and decrease Na+ reabsorption at the medullary collecting tubule
Constricts EFFERENT renal arterioles and dilates AFFERENT arteriole (cGMP mediates) –> promotes diuresis and contributes to the “escape from aldosterone” mechanism.

23
Q

Ventricular fibrillation ECG looks like?
Can result in?
Tx?

A

Completely erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves.
Fatal arrhythmia without immediate CPR and defibrillation.

http://www.learnekgs.com/ventricularfibrillation.htm

24
Q

1st degree AV block ECG looks like?

Presents with?

A

The PR interval is prolonged (>200 msec)
Asymptomatic

http://www.12leads.com/firstdegreeblock.htm

25
Q

2nd degree AV block type 1 ECG looks like?
Other name?
Presents with?

A

Progressive lenthening of the PR interval until a beat is “dropped” (= p wave not followed by a QRS complex)
Wenckebach (Mobitz type I)
Usually asymptomatic

http://www.12leads.com/seconddegreetype1.htm

26
Q

2nd degree AV block type 2 ECG looks like?
Other name?
Presents with?
Tx with?

A

Dropped beats that are not preceded by a change in the length of the PR interval.
Mobitz type II
These non-conducted p waves result in a pathological condition. Often a 2:1 block where there are 2 or more P waves to 1 QRS. May progress to 3rd degree.
Often treated with pacemaker.

http://www.12leads.com/seconddegreetype2.htm

27
Q

3rd degree AV block ECG looks like?
Due to?
Tx with?

A

Both P waves and QRS complexes are present although the P waves bear no relation to the QRS complexes.
The atria and ventricle beat independently of each other. Atrial rate is faster than the ventricular rate. Lyme disease can cause.
Tx with pacemaker

http://www.12leads.com/thirddegree.htm

28
Q 
Atrial natriuretic peptide 
Release from? 
Causes - vascular and renal?
Mechanism?
Overall effect?
A

ANP released from atrial myocytes in response to increased blood volume and atrial pressure.
Causes generalized vascular relaxation and decrease Na+ reabsorption at the medullary collecting tubule
Constricts EFFERENT renal arterioles and dilates AFFERENT arteriole (cGMP mediates) –> promotes diuresis and contributes to the “escape from aldosterone” mechanism.

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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