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1015 Medical Radiation Sciences > Electricity > Flashcards

Electricity Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

how do you change image contrast? (pre-proccessing)

A

change the kVp

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2
Q

what are the 2 main types of attenuation

A

absorption and scatter

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3
Q

when would you use a small source size?

A

whenever possible!
for detail

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4
Q

when would you use a larger source size?

A

for larger parts
or if the mA requires it

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5
Q

what is electrostatics?

A

the study of stationary electric charges

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6
Q

what is the charge of an electron?

A

-1.6e-19 Coulombs

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7
Q

what is the charge of a proton?

A

1.6e-19 C

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8
Q

what are the four laws of electrostatics?

A
  1. opposites attract, likes repel
  2. charge evenly distributes around object
  3. charge concentrates around sharp edges
  4. coulomb’s law
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9
Q

what does coulomb’s law tell us?

A

the strength (in newtons) of the force between objects

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10
Q

what is coulomb’s law formula

A

F=k (q1q2/r^2)

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11
Q

what is q in coulomb’s law?

A

the charge in C

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12
Q

what is the d/r in coulomb’s law?

A

distance in METRES!

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13
Q

what is (coulomb’s) the value of k in a vacuum?

A

9e9

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14
Q

what is the main idea of coulomb’s law?

A

that distance and force are inversely proportional

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15
Q

according to coulomb’s law, if the distance is increased by a factor of 5, what happens to the force?

A

it is DECREASED by a factor of 25

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16
Q

what is potential difference?

A

how much energy is transferred moving a charge from one point to another

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17
Q

what is electrodynamics?

A

the study of charges in motion

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18
Q

what does I represent?

A

current

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19
Q

what are two types of current?

A

conventional current and electron current

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20
Q

does current require a potential difference?

A

YES

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21
Q

does a potential difference insinuate a current WILL occur?

A

NO

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22
Q

T or F: 1C = 1 amp

A

TRUE!!

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23
Q

mA is a (rate/amount)

A

RATE

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24
Q

mAs is a (rate/amount)

A

the total AMOUNT of charge

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25
Q

what is the kVp equal to? (electrically)

A

the potential difference

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26
Q

what are the 2 types of current?

A

direct and alternating

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27
Q

what is DC?

A

a current that goes in one and only one direction

28
Q

what kind of current occurs in the tube when an exposure is taken?

A

DC

29
Q

what is a pulsatile DC?

A

a direct current that wavers slightly, but does not dip below 0

30
Q

what is an AC?

A

a current where electrons can run in both directions

31
Q

what is an effective?

A

the amount of charge is would take a direct current to reach the same peak as the AC does

32
Q

what is the effective formula?

A

peak/1.414

33
Q

what makes the difference between conductors and insulators?

A

energy bands

34
Q

at which level are the e- bound to the atom?

A

valence level

35
Q

at which level are the e- not bound to the atom?

A

conduction level

36
Q

what happens to the energy levels when multiple atoms are put together?

A

the levels combine into energy bands

37
Q

what are the bands like in conductors?

A

overalpping

38
Q

what are the bands like in insulators?

A

large gap between bands

39
Q

what in the tube protects in case of an electrical failure

A

oil

40
Q

what is resistance?

A

impedes the current by the current e- and conductor e- (or impurities) interacting

41
Q

what produces 1 OHM?

A

when 1V pushes 1A through a resistor

42
Q

what are the factors of resistance?

A

MALT
material, area, length, temperature

43
Q

how does the material impact the resistance?

A

can be cond/isul
ex. conductors have low R

44
Q

how does area change R

A

area and r are inversely related

45
Q

how does stemperature effect resistance?

A

high temps make the material less effective at its job (conductors don’t conduct, etc)

46
Q

what is the formula for Ohms kaw?

A

V=IR

47
Q

what are the 2 types of circuit?

A

series and parallel

48
Q

what makes something a series circuit?

A

there is only one path

49
Q

what happens to the I and V in a series circuit? (with r)

A

I stays the same
V drops after each resistance

50
Q

what is Rt in a series circuit?

A

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

51
Q

what is It in a series circuit?

A

It = I1 = I2 = I 3

52
Q

what is Vt in a series circuit?

A

Vt = V1 + V2 + V3

53
Q

what remains the same in a parallel circuit?

A

the voltage

54
Q

what is It in a parallel circuit?

A

It = I1 + I2 + I3

55
Q

what is Vt in a parallel circuit?

A

Vt = V1 = V2 = V3

56
Q

what is 1/Rt in a parallel circuit?

A

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

57
Q

what is a rule about Rt in a parallel circuit?

A

the total R has to be lower than the lowest R

58
Q

what are the 3 major components of circuit safety?

A

grounding, fuses and breakers

59
Q

how do fuses and breakers keep safe?

A

they prevent fire from responding to heat

60
Q

why are breakers more convenient?

A

because they are magnetic, and so can simply be flipped back

61
Q

what is a GFCI?

A

very sensitive breaker for areas around water

62
Q

what is power?

A

the rate at which work is done

63
Q

what is the formula for power

A

P= VI

64
Q

what are capacitors?

A

parts of a circuit that store energy to decrease fluctuations on strength

65
Q

what does capacitor charging stop?

A

when there is no more potential difference

66
Q

what are the uses of capacitors?

A

timer circuits
electrical storage
waveform smoothing

1015 Medical Radiation Sciences (13 decks)

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