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Elementary Electrical Engineering (AC/DC) > Electrical Materials > Flashcards

Electrical Materials Flashcards

1
Q

parts or elements used in the making of any electrical construction project, developed and constructed for certain purposes

A

Electrical Materials

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2
Q

Classification of Electrical Materials in terms of Electrical Conductivity

A

conductors, insulators, semiconductors, superconductors

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3
Q

materials allowing for easy passage of free electrons

A

conductors

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4
Q

materials impeding the passage of free electrons

A

insulators

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5
Q

materials allowing for easy passage of free electrons and impeding the passage of free electrons

A

semiconductors

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6
Q

electric materials with some unique characteristics

A

superconductors

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7
Q

an object or type of material that permits the flow of electric charges from one particle to another

A

conductors

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8
Q

electrons of the atoms comprising a mass of metal are so uninhibited in their allowable energy states that they _________ between the different nuclei in the substance, readily motivated by any electric field.

A

float freely

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9
Q

sometimes described by scientists as an electron gas, or even an electron sea in which the atomic nuclei rest

A

electrons

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10
Q

electron mobility accounts for some of the other common properties of metals which are

A

good heat conductivity, malleability and ductility, lustrous finish when pure

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11
Q

Example of conductor materials

A

silver, gold, steel, sea water

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12
Q

What is a conductor’s current-carrying limit called?

A

ampacity

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13
Q

A wire with ________ resistance will dissipate a _______ amount of heat energy for any given amount of current.

A

greater, greater

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14
Q

Thin wires will, therefore, tolerate _____ current than thick wires.

A

less

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15
Q

Dissipated power due to a conductor’s resistance manifests itself in the form of _______.

A

heat

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16
Q

particles of the _______ do not permit the free flow of electric charges

A

insulator

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17
Q

The atoms in insulating materials have very _____ bound electrons, _______ free electron flow very well.

A

tightly, resisting

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18
Q

conductors current are in ______ to applied voltage

A

linear proportion

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19
Q

Threshold voltage is also known as

A

breakdown voltage or dielectric strength

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20
Q

Examples of Insulators

A

rubber, glass, oil, dry wood

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21
Q

voltage required to cause dielectric breakdown

A

dielectric strength

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22
Q

forcing current through an insulating material is called?

A

dielectric breakdown

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23
Q

an excellent insulating material and is very thin, allowing many turns of wire to be wound in a small space

A

enamel

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24
Q

materials that exhibit electrical behavior somewhere between that of conductors and that of insulators

A

semiconductors

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25
exhibits intermediate conductivity
semiconductors
26
has more available charge carriers than an insulator but fewer than a conductor
semiconductor
27
Examples of semiconductor
silicon, germanium
28
Both silicon and germanium have ____ valence band electrons
four
29
state of an atom with four valence electrons available for covalent chemical bonding in its outermost electron shell
tetravalent atoms
30
What is the sharing of valence electrons called?
covalent bonding
31
makes it more difficult for materials to move their electrons into the conduction band
covalent bonding
32
can be used in the fabrication of resistors, capacitors, inductors, and—most importantly—transistors
semiconductors
33
can combine millions or even billions of transistors into one small package
integrated circuits
34
material that acts strangely when cooled down to a certain temperature
superconductors
35
when these materials are at that one special temperature, which we call the critical temperature, they suddenly become perfect conductors, means that their resistance is zero
superconductors
36
critical temperature is usually between
absolute zero and 10 Kelvin (between -273 Celsius and -263 Celsius)
37
discovered superconductivity in mercury (Hg) in 1911, for which he won a Nobel prize
Heike Onnes
38
Most metals ______ electrical resistance with decreasing temperature.
decrease
39
mercury (Hg) is unique in that its resistance abruptly drops to zero Ω at ______
4.2 K
40
Example of superconductors
lead, aluminum, tin, niobium
41
High temperature superconductors are compounds exhibiting superconductivity above the liquid nitrogen boiling point of ____ (-196.15 Celsius).
77 K
42
Two categories of classification of electrical components
Active components, passive components
43
components that supply and control energy
active components
44
components that respond to the flow of electrical energy and can dissipate or store energy
passive components
45
an electrical component that restricts the flow of current in the circuit
resistor
46
the current flow through a resistor is _______ proportional to the voltage across the resistor terminals
directly
47
a two-terminal linear passive component that is made from two conductive plates with an insulator between them
capacitor
48
stores electrical energy when an electric charge is forced onto its terminals from a power source
capacitor
49
allow for a measured resistance that can affect either voltage or current as calculated by using Ohm’s law
resistor
50
maintains the charge even after getting disconnected from the power source
capacitor
51
allow alternating current to flow through them and they resist the flow of direct current through them; able to stabilize almost any circuit
capacitors
52
Two Types of Capacitors
polarized capacitors, non-polarized capacitors
53
these capacitors have a positive and negative terminal
polarized capacitors
54
these capacitors do not have any positive or negative terminals
non-polarized capacitors
55
two-terminal passive electrical component; stores electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy
inductor
56
comprises a conductor, commonly wound into a coil
inductor
57
an electronic device, which consists of three terminals, made of semiconductor material
transistor
58
controls the flow of voltage or current and acts as a switch for electronic signals
transistor
59
a more advanced switch that has multiple output states; these states cannot be changed manually
transistor
60
What do you use to control the output state of a transistor?
current
61
an electrical device that is used to break the circuit, interrupting the current and to supply the current from one conductor to another conductor
switch
62
works with the "on" and "off" mechanism
switch
63
What does LED mean?
Light-Emitting Diode
64
made from a semiconductor material that allows current to flow in one direction
diode
65
blocks the current which tries to go against the flow in a wire
diode
66
alternative of the diode
LED
67
material or a piece of wire which is used to protect the components from destruction due to the excessive current flowing through them
fuse
68
a fuse element is made out of
zinc, copper, silver, aluminum or alloys
69
used to connect two or more devices, enabling the transfer of electrical signals or power from one device to the other
electrical wire/cable
70
Allowable wire and cable types and sizes are specified according to the ________ and __________, with further restrictions on the environmental conditions.
circuit operating voltage, electric current capability
71
a passive electrical device, consists of two coils of wire linked by an iron core
transformer
72
transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
transformer
73
transformer is also known as
transformer core
74
offers the much needed capability of changing the current and voltage levels easily
transformer
75
converts electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit with the help of mutual induction between the two windings without electrical connection between them
transformer
76
converts power from one circuit to another circuit without changing the frequency but with a different voltage level
transformer
77
an electrical device that is used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical discharge reactions
battery
78
Two Types of Batteries
primary or disposable, secondary or rechargeable
79
a component which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction
generator
80
an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator
dynamo
81
an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current
alternator
82
an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
motor
83
Examples of Electrical Measuring Instruments
ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, ohmmeter
84
Classifications of Electrical Measuring Instruments
absolute instruments, secondary instruments
85
instruments that give the value of quantity to be measured in terms of the physical constants of the instruments and their deflection only, not measurable on a graduated scale
absolute instruments
86
instruments that are calibrated and directly give the value of quantity to be measured
secondary instruments
87
instruments that are fitted with a pointer which moves over a calibrated scale and indicates the electric quantity to be measure directly on the scale
indicating instruments
88
instruments that record the electrical quantity to be measure on a graph paper for a desired period
recording instruments
89
instruments that measure the total quantity of electricity consumed in a circuit in a given time
integrating instruments
90
Effects used in measuring instruments
magnetic effect, electrodynamic effect, electromagnetic induction effect, electrostatic effect, chemical effect, heating effect
91
measures electric current
ammeter
92
used to measure the potential difference or voltage of a circuit
voltmetera
93
purpose is to extend the range of the ammeter by allowing it to measure current higher than its original full-scale value
shunt
94
instrument to determine resistance
ohmmeter
95
consists of a battery, a meter movement calibrated to read ohms, and a resistor
ohmmeter
96
an adjustable resistor for zeroing and for correcting the aging of the battery
Ro
97
unknown resistance to be measured
Rx
98
a single instrument capable of measuring voltage, resistance, and current
multimeter
99
most common multimeter
volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
100
A typical VOM has a meter movement with a full-scale current of ____ or a sensitivity of _____ when used as a dc voltmeter.
50 milliamperes, 20 kiloohms per volt
101
used to measure milliamperes, dc voltage, ac voltage, and ohms
one-meter movement
102
measure electrical quantities of current and voltage that change in amplitude and direction periodically with time
AC meters
103
For frequencies below several hundred hertz, ________ that respond directly to ac excitation can be used.
electromechanical meter movements
104
For higher frequencies, the ac quantities are first converted to dc and then applied to a _______.
D'Arsonval movement
105
simplest type of ac voltmeter
Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit
106
diode permits current to flow in one direction during the positive half-cycle and presents a very high resistance to current in the other direction during the negative half-cycle
half-wave rectifier circuit
107
resulting current through the meter (AC meter) results
rms calibrated reading
108
one way of improving the sensitivity of a rectifier type of ac meter is to use ______
full-wave rectification
109
an instrument that measures dc power or real ac power
wattmeter
110
uses fixed coils to indicate current in the circuit, while the movable coil indicates voltage
wattmeter
111
The wattmeter is rated in terms of its
maximum current, voltage, power

Elementary Electrical Engineering (AC/DC) (9 decks)

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