Elbow & Forearm Anatomy Flashcards
Identify the superficial muscles of the anterior arm and where they originates form
Pass, Fail, Pass, Fail (lateral to medial) - pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
All originate from medial epicondyle of humerus
Flexor carpi ulnaris - AFI
Attachments - originates from medial epicondyle and also has a long origin from the ulna
Passes into the wrist and attaches to the pisiform carpal bone
Actions - flexion and adduction at the wrist
Innervation - ulnar nerve
Palmaris longus - AFI
Attachments - originates from the medial epicondyle and attaches to flexor retinaculum
Actions - flexion at the wrist
Innervation - median nerve
Flexor carpi radialis - AFI
Attachments - originates from the medial epicondyle and attaches to the base of metacarpals II and III
Actions - flexion and abduction at the wrist
Innervation - median nerve
Pronator teres - AFI
Attachments - medial epicondyle and coronoid process of ulna
Attaches laterally to the midshaft of radius
Actions - pronation of the forearm
Innervation - median nerve
Flexor digitorum superficialis - AFI
Attachments - originates from medial epicondyle and from radius
Splits into 4 tendons at wrist which travel through the carpal tunnel and attaches to middle phalanges of 4 fingers
Actions - flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints at the 4 fingers, and flexes at the wrist
Innervation - median nerve
State the 3 deep muscles of the anterior forearm
Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorum profundus - AFI
Attachments - originates from ulna and associated interosseous membrane At wrist, spits into four tendons, that pass through the carpal tunnel and attach to the distal phalanges of the four fingers Action - flex the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers, flexes at metacarpophalangeal joints and at the wrist Innervation - medial half is innervated by the ulnar nerve Lateral half (acts on the middle and index fingers) is innervated by median nerve
Flexor pollicis longus - AFI
Attachments - originates from anterior surface of radius and attaches to base of distal phalanx of thumb
Actions - flexes the interphalangeal joint and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb
Innervation - median nerve
Pronator quadratus - AFI
Attachment - originates from anterior surface of ulna and attaches to anterior surface of radius
Actions - pronates forearm
Innervation - median nerve
Identify the superficial muscles of the posterior forearm
Brachoradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus + brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, anconeus
Brachoradialis - AFI
Attachments - originates from lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus and inserts distal end of radius (radial styloid process)
Actions - flexion at elbow
Innervation - radial nerve
Extensor carpi radialis longus - AFI
Attachments - originates from supracondylar ridge and inserts into metacarpal II
Actions - extends and abducts the wrist
Innervation - radial nerve
Extensor carpi radialis brevis - AFI
Attachments - originates from lateral epicondyle and inserts into metacarpal III
Actions - extends and abducts the wrist
Innervation - radial nerve
Extensor digitorum - AFI
Attachments - originates from lateral epicondyle and splits into 4
Central slip inserts into base of middle phalanx, two lateral slips insert into base of distal phalanx
Actions - extends medial 4 fingers at MCP and IP joints, extends wrist
Innervation - radial nerve
Extensor digiti minimi - AFI
Attachments - originates from lateral epicondyle and inserts into small finger
Actions - extends little finger and contributes to extension at wrist
Innervation - radial nerve
Extensor carpi ulnaris - AFI
Attachments - originates from lateral epicondyle and inserts into 5th metacarpal bone
Actions - extension and adduction at wrist
Innervation - radial nerve
Anconeus - AFI
Attachments - originates from lateral epicondyle and inserts into olecrannon and ulna
Actions - extension of elbow joint
Innervation - radial nerve
State the deep muscles of the posterior forearm
Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor indices
Supinator - AFI
Attachments - originates from lateral epicondyle and posterior surface of ulna and inserts into posterior surface of radius
Actions - supinates forearm
Innervation - radial nerve
Abductor pollicis longus - AFI
Attachments - originates from interosseous membrane and adjacent surfaces of radius and ulna and inserts into base of metacarpal I (thumb)
Actions - abducts thumb
Innervation - posterior interosseous nerve
Extensor pollicis longus - AFI
Attachments - originates from interosseous membrane and posterior surface of ulna and inserts into distal phalanx of thumb
Actions - extends all joints of thumb (CMC, ICP, IP)
Innervation - posterior interosseous nerve
Extensor pollicis brevis - AFI
Attachments - originates from interosseous membrane and posterior surface of radius and inserts into base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Actions - extends at MCP and carpometacarpal joints of thumb
Innervation - posterior interosseous nerve
Extensor indicis - AFI
Attachments - originates from interosseous membrane and posterior surface of ulna and inserts into extensor hood of index finger
Actions - extends index finger
Innervation - posterior interosseous nerve
Describe the joints at the lebow
- Humeroulnar joint between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulnar
- Humeroradial joint between the capitulum of the humerus and the radial head
- Proximal radio-ulnar joint located between the edge of the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
- Involved with supination and pronation alongside distal radio-ulnar joint
Describe the bursa located at the elbow joint
- Olecranon bursa lies in the subcutaneous connective tissue overlying the olecranon
- Reduces friction between bone and skin
- Subtendinous bursa lies between the triceps tendon and the tip of the olecranon
- Reduces friction between tendon and bone
Identify the location of trochlea and capitulum on the humerus
Both located on the distal side
Capitulum located on the lateral side, trochlea located on the medial side
Describe the structures that contribute to the strength of the elbow joint
Stability of elbow due to capsule, ligaments and muscles
Annular ligament holds radial head in position
Ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament also contribute to strength
Constraints of arrangement of ulna and humerus means ball and socket joint of radio humeral cannot move in all directions
Describe the arterial and venous structure of the arm
Brachial artery divides into radial and ulnar artery
Common interosseous artery arises from ulnar artery
Cephallic vein runs up lateral side, basillic vein runs up medial side of arm
State the structures in the cubital fossa
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Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
Describe the attachments and actions of the ligaments of the elbow joint
- Radial (lateral) collateral ligament attaches between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and annular ligament of the radius
- Keeps the radius and the capitulum close during pronation and supination of the forearm
- Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament attaches between the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna
- Annular ligament stablises the proximal radioulnar joint by forming a collar around the radial head
- Allows rotation of the radial head within the annular ligament during pronation/supination
