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OCS > elbow > Flashcards

elbow Flashcards

1
Q

what non-muscular conditions can refer to the elbow?

A

acute MI, pancoasts tumor, esophageal motor disorders

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2
Q

what is the average carrying angle for women?

A

13-16

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3
Q

what is the average carrying angle for men?

A

11-14

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4
Q

what is considered optimal motion for supination and pronation?

A

supination - 90, pronation - 80

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5
Q

how many parts does the UCL have?

A

3 - anterior, posterior, transverse

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6
Q

when does the anterior band of the anterior portion of the UCL get taut?

A

full extension to 60 degrees of flexion

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7
Q

when does the posterior band of the anterior portion of the UCL get taut?

A

60 to 120 degrees of flexion

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8
Q

what is the greatest restraint to valgus stress at the elbow?

A

the anterior part of the UCL

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9
Q

what part of the RCL is involved in the posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI)?

A

the ulnar portion

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10
Q

what innervates the biceps brachii and the brachialis?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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11
Q

what innervates the brachioradialis?

A

branches of the radial nerve

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12
Q

what innervates the triceps and anconeus?

A

radial nerve

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13
Q

what innervates the wrist extensors?

A

the radial nerve

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14
Q

what nerve runs through the supinator?

A

radial

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15
Q

does supinator attach to lateral or medial epicondyle?

A

lateral

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16
Q

does pronator teres attach to the medial or lateral epicondyle?

A

medial

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17
Q

what nerve roots is radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

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18
Q

what nerve roots is the ulnar nerve?

A

C7-T1

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19
Q

what nerve roots is the median nerve?

A

C5-T1

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20
Q

what must you be aware of if someone comes in with acute onset of non-traumatic swelling in the elbow?

A

septic arthritis

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21
Q

what are two tests for lateral epicondylopathy?

A

Cozens (resisted extension) and Mill’s (stretching of the wrist extensors)

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22
Q

what are differential dx for lateral epicondylopathy?

A

nerve root compression C6-C7, radial tunnel syndrome, PLRI, compression of PIN

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23
Q

what intervention category has the highest recommendation for elbow tendonopathies?

A

manual therapy and mobilization.

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24
Q

when do you expect to see full ROM after a distal biceps tendon repair?

A

week 4

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25
Q

what should you be considering after someone has an elbow dislocation?

A

RCL instability

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26
Q

what is the preferred intervention for varus posteromedial rotatory instability?

A

surgery

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27
Q

how will someone with PLRI present to the clinic?

A

vague elbow discomfort, lateral elbow pain, clicking or clunking with supination, elbow giving out

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28
Q

how should PLRI be treated conservatively?

A

hinged brace in pronation for 4-6 weeks to protect structures. Avoid shoulder abduction and internal rotation

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29
Q

what is the mechanism of injury for PLRI?

A

axial compression, valgus stress, and supination forces

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30
Q

what are the 4 primary tests for PLRI?

A

lateral pivot shift of elbow, push up sign, chair sign, press up maneuver

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31
Q

Will someone with UCL insufficiency feel more unstable in supination or pronation?

A

pronation

32
Q

what is the mechanism of injury for the valgus extension overload syndrome?

A

large forces into hyperextension, especially with UCL insufficiency

33
Q

what is the most common MOI for elbow dislocation?

A

FOOSH

34
Q

what is the terrible triad in the eblow

A

radial head fx, coronoid fx, elbow dislocation

35
Q

what population does olecranon fx happen in most often?

A

elderly

36
Q

what population most commonly experiences radial head fx’s?

A

females 20-60

37
Q

How high is the incidence of HO after elbow dislocations and fx’s at 2 months post trauma?

A

56%

38
Q

What the is the primary sign and symptoms of HO at the elbow?

A

Progressive loss of ROM

39
Q

what is one way to differentiate arterial injury from compartment syndrome and neural injury?

A

it will have skin discoloration and decreased temperature

40
Q

what is one way to differentiate compartment syndrome from arterial injury and neural injury?

A

increased compartment pressure

41
Q

what is one way to differentiate neural from compartment syndrome and arterial injury?

A

You will have no pain with passive stretch of involved muscles.

42
Q

how long does it take for neuropraxia to heal?

A

couple days to a couple weeks

43
Q

how long does it take for axonotomesis to heal?

A

heals at 1mm/day can take many months

44
Q

how long does it take for neurotmesis to heal?

A

trick question, it doesn’t

45
Q

what is cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

it is irritation of the ulnar nerve as it passes through the medial side of the elbow

46
Q

what is the success rate of conservative management of cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

50%

47
Q

what is the common presentation for OCD of the elbow?

A

very active adolescent (12-17) male with insidious onset of vague lateral elbow pain and an extension ROM loss

48
Q

What is Panners disease, how do you manage, and what are the outcomes?

A

very similar to OCD but occurs younger, treat with rest and bracing, great outcomes at three years

49
Q

What should you do if you suspect acute forearm compartment syndrome?

A

send them to ER, it is a medical emergerncy

50
Q

what nerve is involved in pronator teres syndrome?

A

median

51
Q

how do you diagnose pronator teres syndrome?

A

pronator teres syndrome test (resisted forearm supination and elbow extension)

52
Q

any muscle weakness with pronator teres syndrome?

A

yes, along median nerve distribution

53
Q

Any sensory loss with pronator teres syndrome?

A

yes, along thumb and first two fingers

54
Q

How does pronator teres syndrome present?

A

insidious onset of pain on radial side of forearm

55
Q

Where does AIN entrapment occur.

A

b/w two heads of pronator teres

56
Q

how does AIN present?

A

sudden, severe forearm pain

57
Q

how do you test for AIN?

A

pinch grip test

58
Q

any sensory loss with AIN?

A

no

59
Q

any weakness with AIN

A

flexor pollicis longus

60
Q

how does radial tunnel syndrome present?

A

pain over lateral epicondyle, poorly localized pain over lateral aspect of elbow and forearm

61
Q

does radial tunnel syndrome have muscle weakness?

A

no typical pattern

62
Q

does radial tunnel syndrome have sensory involvement?

A

radial distribution numbness

63
Q

what is a test for radial tunnel syndrome?

A

middle finger extension

64
Q

where does PIN get entraped

A

through supinator

65
Q

how does PIN present?

A

functional wrist drop, difficulty extending fingers or thumb at MCP joint

66
Q

does PIN have muscle weakness?

A

not unless chronic

67
Q

how do you test for PIN?

A

index finer extension with rested hand palm down on table

68
Q

does pin have sensory loss?

A

no

69
Q

what nerve is involved in cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

ulnar

70
Q

how does cubital tunnel syndrome present?

A

pain in 4th/5th digits, loss of grip power, greater pain or parasthesia at night

71
Q

does cubital tunnel syndrome have muscle weakness?

A

atrophy/weakness of the ulnar intrinsics, clawing contracture of the 4th/5th digits when chronic

72
Q

what is froments test?

A

hold paper between thumb and 1st finger and squeeze with finger flat, inability to do it is indicative of a ulnar neuropathy.

73
Q

what is wartenbergs test?

A

patient has fingers passively pulled apart on a table and is then asked to squeeze them together. If they cannot pull the pinky in it is positive

74
Q

what test do you use for cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

wartenbergs and froments

75
Q

any sensory involvement with cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

ulnar nerve distribution

OCS (12 decks)

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