ELA Flashcards
phonology
sounds of language
semantics
meanings of words and phrases
syntax
common basic structure (subject, verb, object)
pragmatics
rules for effective communication
phonological awareness
notice and think about sounds
phonemic awareness
recognize the sound of spoken language, notice and manipulate sounds in spoken language
graphophonemic
knowledge of specific relationships between graphemes and phonemes (letters and sounds)
structural analysis
identification of morphemes (smallest units of MEANING in a word)
morpheme
smallest unit of MEANING in a word
phonemes
smalles SOUNDS in a spoken word, basic units of SOUND
metacognitive
thinking about thinking
pre-communicative writing
understands function of writing, but cannot make forms
morphology
rules for combining sounds into meaningful units
pre alphabetic
aware of relationships between sounds and letters (graphemes - letters and sounds they represent)
early alphabetic
blending single sounds into words
mature alphabetic
know and decipher simple words
orthography
nature and use of written symbols in language
tone
emotional expression, author’s explicit and implicit interpretations
style
distinctive manner of expression (phonemic word choices, syntactic-length and structure of sentences)
phonological development
babies hear phonemic distinctions
semantic development
holophrase=1 word for a complete thought “Milk”= I want some milk.
PPVT Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
formal assessment - oral language development
TOLD Test of Oral Language Development
formal assessment - oral language development
dialogic reading
conversations about a story between teacher and students
metalinguistic knowledge
reflect and evaluate language
onset
consonant(s) at beginning of syllable
rime
vowels and consonants that follow the initial sound at the beginning of a syllable
phonemic awareness
one aspect of phonological awareness, rhyming, alliteration, blending
blending
combination of individual sounds
segmentation
division of words into sounds
TPRI Texas Primary Reading Inventory
K-2, phonemic awareness, listening comprehension, reading
TORF Test of REading Fluency
older students, reading fluency, accuracy
GORT-3 Gray Oral Reading Test-3
passages of increasing length and difficulty
Elkonin box
word box 1 sound per box, not one letter per box
alphabetic principle
consistent relationships between sounds and letters
grapheme
letter or letters that represent a phoneme (sound)
phonics
a method for teaching
emergent literacy
children’s beliefs & experiences with reading and writing prior to formal instruction (oral & written)
conventional literacy
reading and writing taught in school
print awareness
left to right orientation, print conveys meaning, etc.
environmental print
words in names and slogans M for McDonalds
invented spelling
developmental/phonetic spelling
choral reading
students/class reads aloud
guided reading
teacher explains purpose
word analysis
any strategy to help recognition of written words
sight words
instantly recognized without analysis
decoding
recognition of how written words sound
phonic analysis
identify sounds and blend sounds
diphthong
pair of adjacent vowels both heard “oy” in “toy”
consonant blends
pairs of adjacent consonants both heard “br” in “break”
digraphs
adjacent vowels or consonants hear as a single sound “ch” in “cherry”
prosody
pitch, ouldness, tempo, rhythm of language
intonation
patterns of pitch that contribute to meaning
Pre-reading stage
alphabetic and graphophonemic knowledge, but only know sight words
Decoding stage
decode individual words 1st and 2nd grades
Fluency stage
3rd grade and higher
Read to Learn stage
end of elementary
literal comprehension
explicitly stated in passage
inferential comprehension
not explicit, but implied in passage
anaphora
use of one word or phrase in place of another that has been previously used (pronouns)
cause-effect
inferential comprehension
evaluative comprehension
critical thinking, identify contradictions, judge accuracy, fact opinion
narrative
story or sequence of events
expository
information
QAR Questions Answer Relationship
- right there 2. think and search 3. author & you 4. on your own
story map
semantice map, semantic web, story web
DRA directed reading activity
teacher directed
DR-TA directed reading-thinking activity
student guided
content literacy
use texts as source of info on given topic
SQ3R
survey, question, read, recite, review
SQ3R survey
title headings, graphics
SQ3R question
formulate list of questions
SQ3R read
read for answers
SQ3R recite
state answers
SQ3R review
verify and correct answers
picture graph
shows quantities of items
bar graph
compare
line graph
show change over time
circle graph
pie chart - parts of a whole
text organizers
table of contents, glossary, headings, etc.
spelling pre communicative
scribbles, mock letters
spelling pre phonemic
letters represent sounds & words (invented or phonemic spelling)
spelling phonemic
represent all basic sounds but many spelling mistakes
spelling transitional
proportion of correct spellings increase, know some spelling patterns
spelling conventional
fluency
repeated reading
reread short passages, decoding becomes more automatic - fluency
ORL oral recitation lessons
repeated reading exercises , interactions between teacher and students - fluency
partner reading
paired reading-fluency
familiar texts
fluency strategy
self-correction & feedback
fluency strategy
schemata
clusters of ideas about objects
story schema
set of expectations about the internal structure of stories
story grammar
elements & rules of elements
holistic scoring
overall impression of the writing
primary trait scoring
evaluate a specific characteristic of writing
analytic scoring
compare student writing to a standard (other students of the same age)
error analysis
identify specific weaknesses in student writing
stages of writing process
prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, sharing
linear medium
film - user does not control sequence
non-linear medium
website with hot links - user does control sequence
Print media
magazines, newspapers, paper
visual media
photographs, film
electronic media
TV, radio, computers
computer-based media
CD-Rom, DVD
streaming media
radio/TV, video clips on websites
podcast
audio or video file that can be downloaded and viewed
hypermedia
hyperlinks to text, audio, and video
wiki
collaborative web site
blog
web log
social network
Facebook, Twitter
simulated journal
student writes from historical character’s perspective
dialogue journal
written conversation between students or teacher/student
norm referenced test
measure student performance compared to other students
criterion referenced test
measures how well a student meets set standards or expectations
Informal Reading Inventory
accuracy of pronounciation in oral reading plus comprehension questions over oral and silent reading
Reading Miscue Inventory
identify difficulties and strategies used by student
running record
written account of changes in specific behavior over time
Independent Reading Level
95% pronounciation 90% comprehension questions
Instructional Readling Level
90-94% pronounciation 70-89% comprehension questions
Frustration Reading Level
below 50% pronounciation and comprehension questions
Summative assessment
after completion, grades evaluative feedback
Formative assessment
prior to completion, allow students to revise and improve
writing assessment
anecdotally - observation, check lists - observation
portfolio
collection of materials that shows progress over time
