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Core Exam > EKG, Rhythms and Anti-Arrhythmics > Flashcards

EKG, Rhythms and Anti-Arrhythmics Flashcards

1
Q

How many milliseconds is one small square on an EKG paper?

A

40ms

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2
Q

How many milliseconds is one large square on an EKG paper?

A

200ms

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3
Q

How many bpm is 1000 ms?

A

60 bpm

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4
Q

What is the normal range for a PR interval?

A

120-200ms

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5
Q

What is the normal range for a QRS complex?

A

60-100ms

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6
Q

What is the normal range for the QT interval?

A

360-440ms

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7
Q

What causes automaticity?

A

Influx of sodium and calcium into the cell and the outflow of potassium across the cardiac membrane.

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8
Q

What is phase 0 of the action potential?

A

Sodium rushes into the cell, causing a rapid or upstroke depolarization, changing the resting value of the cell from -90mV to +10-+30mV

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9
Q

What is phase 1 of the action potential?

A

Early rapid repolarization with transient outward movement of potassium

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10
Q

What is the transmembrane potential at rest?

A

-90mV

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11
Q

What does the influx of calcium cause?

A

Increased contractility

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12
Q

What is phase 2 of the action potential?

A

Plateau phase: slow influx of sodium and calcium, preparing the cell for repolarization

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13
Q

What is phase 3 of the action potential?

A

Rapid repolarization/potassium/outflow/loss of positive charge; cell can now respond to another polarizing electrical stimulus

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14
Q

What is phase 4 of the action potential?

A

Resting phase; -40 - -45mV

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15
Q

When is the effective refractory period of the action potential?

A

Phases 0-early 3

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16
Q

When is the relative refractory period of the action potential?

A

Late phase 3 and early phase 4; a strong impulse can cause polarization

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17
Q

What is the formula for rate conversion to bpm/ms

A

60,000/ x bpm = ms

18
Q

200ms =

A

300bpm

19
Q

400ms =

A

150bpm

20
Q

600ms =

A

100bpm

21
Q

800ms =

A

75bpm

22
Q

1000ms =

A

60bpm

23
Q

What is “real time” paper speed?

A

25mm/sec

24
Q

Where are the leads on a 12 lead ecg?

A

6 chest leads, 4 limb leads

25
Q

What causes a downward reflection on an ECG?

A

An impulse traveling away from a positive electrode.

26
Q

In what type of patient could you induce CHB during ventricular lead placement?

A

A patient with LBBB

27
Q

How can you tell a LBBB from a RBBB on a 12 lead?

A

Upright QRS in V1 is RBBB, Downward QRS in V1 is LBBB

28
Q

Class 1 A, B, C drugs are:

A

Sodium channel blockers; moderate, weak and strong respectively. They slow conduction velocity and the rate and force of contraction.

29
Q

Class II drugs are:

A

Beta blockers. Decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure.

30
Q

Class III drugs are:

A

Potassium channel blockers, decrease ventricular arrhythmias.

31
Q

Class IV drugs are:

A

Calcium channel blockers; change action potential to reduce atrial arrhythmias.

32
Q

Name two common Class I drugs.

A

Procainamide and Lidocaine

33
Q

What are the benefits of beta blockers?

A

Decreased risk of SCD, decreased ventricular remodeling, improvements in symptoms and QOL, prolonged survival for patients with heart failure

34
Q

Name three common Class III drugs.

A

Sotalol, Amiodarone, Dofetilide

35
Q

Name two common Class IV drugs.

A

Cardizem and Verapamil

36
Q

What classes of drugs help control PVC’s and VT? Give examples and how they do it.

A

Class IA: Procainamide, Class IB: Lidocaine, Class II Propanolol, Class III Amiodarone and Sotalol. Reduce v automaticity, slow ventricular conduction, increase v refractory period.

37
Q

What classes of drugs help control atrial arrhythmias? Give examples.

A

Class III: Amiodarone and Sotalol, Class IV: Cardizem and Verapamil. Reduce atrial automaticity, slow atrial conduction, increase atrial refractory period.

38
Q

What is a common inotropic drug?

A

Digoxin (improves contractility)

39
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do? How can you recognize them?

A

Relieves symptoms and improves exercise tolerance and reduce death and disease progression. End in -pril.

40
Q

What do Angiotensin II Receptor blockers do? How can you recognize them?

A

Prevents contraction of muscles which surround blood vessels, enabling vasodilation. Primarily decrease blood pressure and decrease afterload. End in -sartan.

Core Exam (4 decks)

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