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Core Exam > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the components of the chest wall.

A

Ribs, sternum, clavicles, pectoral muscles, cephalic veins, and subclavian veins.

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2
Q

What is the cardiac base?

A

The upper portion of the heart.

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3
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A protective layer of tissue that encases the heart.

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4
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A membrane which acts to enclose the thoracic cavity and separate it from the abdominal cavity.

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5
Q

Where is the right phrenic nerve located?

A

It passes over the right brachiocephalic artery and subclavian vein before it passes over the right atrium and down through the diaphragm.

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6
Q

Where is the left phrenic nerve located?

A

It passes over the left ventricle and innervates and passes through the diaphragm.

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7
Q

What is the intraventricular sulcus?

A

The left anterior descending coronary artery follows the sulcus which also serves as a landmark for the interventricular septum.

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8
Q

Of the four valves in the heart, what two categories do they fall under?

A

AV valves and Semi-lunar valves.

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9
Q

What are the names and characteristics of the AV valves?

A

Tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid valves. These valves prevent backflow between the chambers of the heart. They are assisted by the chordae tendonae and the papillary muscles, which assist in holding the valves shut, preventing backflow and anchor the chordae tendone, respectively.

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10
Q

What are the names and characteristics of the semi-lunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves; they do not have chordae tendonae or papillary muscles, have three cusps and are held open and closed by the pressure within the vascular system.

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11
Q

What parts of the right atrium are smooth and what parts are not?

A

Walls of the atrium are smooth and the appendage in lined with trabeculae.

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12
Q

What relevance does the eustacian ridge have in device placement?

A

It serves as a marker within the right atrium for locating the coronary sinus.

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13
Q

What is the thebesian valve?

A

A valve that covers part of the coronary sinus in some patients.

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14
Q

What are the components of blood and percentage in the blood?

A

Red blood cells 45%, white blood cells and platelets 1%, plasma 54%

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15
Q

What do red blood cells carry and what do they do?

A

Hemoglobin, transports oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

HR x SV

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17
Q

What is the formula for stroke volume?

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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18
Q

What are the determinants of stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractility, and afterload

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19
Q

What is preload?

A

The amount of myocardial stretch at the end of diastole.

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20
Q

What is afterload?

A

The resistance that needs to be overcome for the heart to eject blood.

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21
Q

What is contractility?

A

The inotropic state of the heart independent of preload and afterload.

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22
Q

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

A

Stroke volume/end diastolic volume

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23
Q

What is a normal EF?

A

55-65%

24
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The peak pressure in the arteries during a cardiac contraction.

25
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure at the lowest pressure of the cardiac cycle.

26
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

Term used to describe a notional average blood pressure in an individual.

27
Q

Are the semi-lunar valves open or closed during diastole?

A

Closed; this is the resting phase.

28
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Change in blood pressure seen during a single contraction of the heart.

29
Q

What is central venous pressure?

A

Vena cava pressure corresponds to right atrial pressure, which approximates the amount of blood returning to the heart.

30
Q

What is a Swanz-Ganz catheter?

A

Used to obtain information on cardiac function, measuring pulmonary pressures and left atrial pressure to estimate the workload of the heart and lungs.

31
Q

What is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?

A

Left atrial pressure, determines preload

32
Q

What factors impact preload?

A

Heart rate and lack of compliance

33
Q

In general, how are pediatric patients different from adult patients?

A

Lower systolic blood pressure and higher pulse rate as age gets lower.

34
Q

What is a normal aortic pressure?

A

100-140/60-90 mmHG

35
Q

What is a normal right atrial pressure?

A

0-8 mmHg

36
Q

What is a normal pulmonary artery pressure?

A

15-30 mmHg/ 4-12 mmHg

37
Q

What is a normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?

A

1-10 mmHg

38
Q

What is a normal RV pressure?

A

15-30/0-8 mmHg

39
Q

What is a normal LV pressure?

A

100-140/3-12 mmHg

40
Q

What is a normal LA pressure?

A

1-10 mmHg

41
Q

What are the four AHA categories for blood pressure?

A

Normal 160/>100

42
Q

What are normal cholesterol values (Total/HDL/LDL/Triglycerides)?

A

60/<150

43
Q

What are borderline cholesterol values (Total/LDL/Triglycerides)?

A

200-239/130-159/150-199

44
Q

What are high risk cholesterol values (Total/HDL/LDL/Triglycerides)?

A

> 240/200

45
Q

What is the most common cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated

46
Q

What is idiopathic cardiomyopathy?

A

Unexplained cardiomyopathy

47
Q

What is concentric hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy due to increased afterload

48
Q

What is eccentric hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy due to volume overload

49
Q

What is patent foramen ovale?

A

The failure of the formaen ovale, which is open at birth, to close as a person grows older

50
Q

Name eight different forms of heart failure.

A

Backwards, forwards, acute chronic, left/right sided, systolic and diastolic.

51
Q

What are the characteristics of left-sided heart failure?

A

Failing/failed left pump, increased SVR, pulmonary congestion

52
Q

What are the characteristics of right-sided heart failure?

A

Failing failed right pump, increased pulmonary resistance, peripheral edema, organ ascites

53
Q

Heart failure is either one of both of the following abnormalities:

A

Impaired ejection (low EF) and impaired filling as a result of stiffness of myocardial tissue

54
Q

What is systolic heart failure?

A

Heart failure due to impaired emptying

55
Q

What is diastolic heart failure?

A

Heart failure due to impaired filling.

56
Q

Name three conditions associated with sinus node dysfunction.

A

Sinus bradycardia, Sinus pause, Brady-Tachy syndrome

Core Exam (4 decks)

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