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Cardiovascular > EKG (Newman) > Flashcards

EKG (Newman) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most cause of stroke?

A

atrial fibrillation

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of suden cardiac death?

A

ventricular fibrillation

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3
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

depolarization of the atria

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4
Q

What does the Q wave represent?

A

polarization of the septum

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5
Q

What does the RS complex represent

A

depolarization of ventricles

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6
Q

What does an elevated ST segment indicate

A

ST elevation MI

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7
Q

What does an DE-elevated ST segment indicate

A

ischemia

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8
Q

WHat does the T wave represent

A

repolarization

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9
Q

What causes a positive deflection on an EKG?

A

vector is parallel to _____

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10
Q

What causes a negative deflection on an EKG?

A

vector is perpendicular to ______

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11
Q

What causes a straight line on an EKG?

A

???

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12
Q

At rest, phase 4 is appx ___ mV
With depolarization ____ floods into the cell and the cell becomes _____ mV
At phase 1 ____ ions are moving in and ___ ions are moving out
At phase 2 ____ ions are moving in and ___ ions are moving out
At phase 3, ____ ions are moving in and ___ ions are moving out

A 
-90 mV
Na  +20 mV
Cl- in and K+ out
Ca in and K+ out
only K+ out
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13
Q

T or F: all heart tissue has the same AP

A

F

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14
Q

What ion drives an AP conduction in the heart?

A

Ca influx

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15
Q

During the AP the cell cannot be stimulated to generate another AP during the _____ period

A

refractory (phase 1-2 is absolute and phse 3 is relative)

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16
Q

What is the threshold potential of automat. cells?

A

-65 mV

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17
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

period when the myocyte cannot generate another AP

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18
Q

what are 2 impt concepts for generation of dysrryhtmias?

A

refractory and threshold

19
Q

The AV node depolarization is represneted by _____ on the EKG

A

PR segment

20
Q

The depolarization of septa is represneted by _____ on the EKG

A

Q wave

21
Q

depolarization of ventricles

A

RS complex

22
Q

repolarization of ventricles

A

T wave

23
Q

increased cardiac muscle mass

A

hypertrophy

24
Q

How is hypertrophy Dx?

A

height of R wave increased

25
Q

What is the most common cause of LFT ventricular hypertrophy

A

HTN

**at risk risk for coronary events

26
Q

What does a wide QRS complex indicate?

A

delayed activation of ventricles since the tissue is blocked (delay in AP conduction)

27
Q

What does a prolonged PR segment indicate

A

heart block due to AV node disease

28
Q

WHat are the 2 major mech of cardiac arrhythmias?

A

altered automaticity (alt phase 4) and altered reentry

29
Q

Why does enhanced automaticity occur?

A

phase 4 has been altered and risen to threshold potential –> ****a cell fires when it is not supposed to

30
Q

What causes a cell to inc threshold potential and depolarize inappropritely?

A 
low K+ (inc automaticity) 
inc symp activity (meds, anxiety)
low O2
high CO2 (emphysema) 
low pH (kidney shut down)
fever
digitalis (Rx)
previous AP***
31
Q

What is triggered automaticity?

A

previous AP stimuates an inapproprate firing of AP

32
Q

What is reentry?

A

electrical impulse comes down normal pathway but will become blocked at some point and cause a detour of AP along an alternative pathway (circuit loop) and then come back up the original pathway (which is NO LONGER refractory) –> continuous loop of activation –

33
Q

In order to have cardiac reentry one must have a _______ pathway

A

continuous (loop)

34
Q

What are the 3 requirements of reentry

A

unidirectional block of impulse
continuous loop pathway
alt pathway has slower conduction velocity

35
Q

WHere is a naturally occurring circuit loop found?

A

atria???

36
Q

What is the cause /mechanism of palpitations

A

block in (atrial?) AV node pathway (natural) that causes arrythmia/reentry

37
Q

conduction block in the ventricle –>

A

ventricular tachycardia

38
Q

dyrrthmias are likely caused by ____

A

enchanced automaticity or re-entry

39
Q

no p waves

A

enhanced automaticity
junctional rhythm
impused started somewhere in AV node

40
Q

multifocal atrial tachycardia

A

bunch of atria AP fired inappropriately

41
Q

person born with alternative pathway that joins atria to ventricles in a rapid pathway (HR of 300 bpm)

A

wolff-parkinson- white syndrome

with supraventricualr tachycardia

42
Q

What to anti-arrhythmic agents do?

A
  • reduce automaticity (reduce pahse 4 threshold potential)

- prevent reentry (block alternative pathway that leads to re-entry)

43
Q

Elevated Ca and decreased K will (increase/decrease) automaticity.

A

increase

44
Q

Elevated K and decreased Ca will (increase/decrease) automaticity.

A

decrease

Cardiovascular (31 decks)

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