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9H Social Studies > Egypt, Sumer & Persia > Flashcards

Egypt, Sumer & Persia Flashcards

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1
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh allows us what?

A

insight into the lives of the ancient Sumerians

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2
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh teaches us and confirms:

A

There was a large, almost worldwide flood
They believed in gods with human like emotions
They valued gold, copper, gems
They rode in wheeled chariots

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3
Q

Historiography

A

Using literature to teach history

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4
Q

What’s Mesopotamia mean?

A

Land between the rives

Meso- Middle
Potamia- Rivers

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5
Q

The 2 rivers around Mesopotamia are the

A

Tigris and Euphrates

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6
Q

The Tigris and Euphrates flowed down to the

A

Persian Gulf

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7
Q

The rivers flooded —– and ——, and often

How did this river compare to the Nile?

A

violently, unpredictably

The Nile flooded more gradually, making it much easier to predict.

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8
Q

What was a benefit when the Tigris and Euphrates flooded?

A

The floods brought silt, which made plants grow very well

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9
Q

What was a negative of the rivers flooding?

A

when both rivers flooded at the same time, many people were killed, people kept coming back to the area between the rivers because of the allure of the economy and land - they also thought the floods wouldn’t effect them if they prayed more 💀

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10
Q

Where was Mesopotamia? (modern day country)

A

Located between modern day Turkey and Iraq

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11
Q

Why did the land in Mesopotamia attract many people?

A

The land was very fertile
Also a crossroad of trade

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12
Q

What was a negative of Mesopotamia’s geography?

A

No natural protection - wide open space - easy to invade

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13
Q

What were cities surrounded by in Mesopotamia?

A

Walls

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14
Q

Ziggurats

A

pyramid temples that soared towards the heavens

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15
Q

What was the biggest L in Mesopotamian history?

A

they couldn’t figure out how to put a stairwell inside the ziggurat💀

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16
Q

Where did rulers live in Mesopotamia? How did everyone else live?

A

Rulers lived in huge palaces and other people were packed together in close quarters.

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17
Q

People needed to —– —— to survive in Mesopotamia

A

work together

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18
Q

Temple priests/royal officials provided the —- people needed (Sumer).

A

leadership

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19
Q

Where did traders come from in Mesopotamia?

A

Traders came from far away and the city was very wealthy.

Like China distance far

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20
Q

What was a incredibly easy way to become wealthy in Mesopotamia?

A

Merchant

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21
Q

What was the overall government like in Sumer?

A

Sumer consisted of many independent city-states (warred constantly)

Therefore Sumer had a Decentralised Government

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22
Q

I.e. Ancient Greece was ——–, U.S. is ——–

A

decentralised, centralised

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23
Q

How did the whole theocracy ordeal work in Sumer?

A

Sumer had a theocracy (religious government), wherein each city-state had a religious, political, and social leader, which were all one man.

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24
Q

The Sumerian Hierarchy worked as follows:

A

Ruling family, officials, and high priests
Merchants, scribes, artisans, priests, warriors
Peasant farmers and slaves

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25
Q

Women in Sumer

A

A mother goddess was the central figure of creation
Women lost some status but were still well respected and had legal rights

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26
Q

Polytheistic

A

many gods

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27
Q

What were gods or goddesses responsible for in Sumer, and what did they explain?

A

Everything, everything

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28
Q

True or False

The gods were very human-like in Sumarian religion?

A

True

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29
Q

Was it important in Sumer to keep the gods happy?

A

mhm

Therefore priests became important figures

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30
Q

Every city-state picked their own what in Sumer?

A

god

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31
Q

New Year’s Day was important; it proved (Sumer):

A

They had a calendar
They had a form of writing
They knew math
They understood astronomy

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32
Q

After-life was believed (Sumer):

A

To be gloomy, although it was gloomy due to the way the river flooded and coated everything in mud

sumer was emo

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33
Q

Cuneiform

A

Grew out of a system of pictographs
God/heavens and the stars were associated

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34
Q

Cuneiform eventually became —- ——

A

more advanced

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35
Q

How was cuneiform originally formed?

A

Originally formed by wedges in clay, made by a stylus

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36
Q

Math (Sumer)

A

Algebra and Geometry
Base 60 system,
Derived from their affiliation with time

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37
Q

Corporal Punishment (Sumer)

A

Physical punishment was utilised to motivate and punish kids in schools

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38
Q

The Nile overflows every year and deposits large amounts of

A

Silt (fertile soil from rivers)

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39
Q

The Nile flows from — to — towards the —

A

south, north
delta

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40
Q

Upper Egypt is —–, lower Egypt is —- because of the what?

A

south, north
flow of the Nile

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41
Q

The source of the Nile is

A

Lake Victoria

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42
Q

The Nile flows into the —– —

A

Mediterranean Sea

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43
Q

The Nile has many —— (rapids) - people needed to what because of these?

A

cataracts
carry their boats over land periodically to avoid these

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44
Q

Near the Nile was called the — —

A

black land (good soil)

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45
Q

Land away from the Nile was called the — —

A

red land (bad soil)

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46
Q

Egypt was originally — regions

A

two

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47
Q

Upper Egypt

A

hundreds of miles from the Mediterranean sea

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48
Q

Lower Egypt

A

the Delta region of the Nile

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49
Q

Who was was the first to unite Upper and Lower Egypt, hailing from Upper Egypt (3100 BCE [year is not on tests])?

A

King Menes

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50
Q

Wat was The Nile used for?

A

The Nile was used for transporting armies & trading goods

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51
Q

Egypt was ruled by ——–

A

pharaohs

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52
Q

What did the pharaoh claim about his power?

A

The pharaoh claimed that his power came from the gods & that he also was a god (Theocracy)

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53
Q

Vizier

A

The pharaoh’s chief advisor

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54
Q

The old kingdom is known as the

A

“Pyramid Age”

55
Q

Pyramids took —— to build

A

decades
(this is crazy fast)

56
Q

What purpose did pyramids serve in Egypt?

A

Pyramids were tombs for pharaohs & other wealthy Egyptians

57
Q

What is a Mastaba?

A

A rectangular building placed next to a pyramid in which secondarily important people were buried

58
Q

Pyramids are a sign of how organised the Egyptians really were, they proved they:

A

Were good at engineering
Had strong government
had/used Astronomy (some were lined up with the stars or something)
Had social classes
Had a surplus
Large amount of slaves
Religion

59
Q

The Middle Kingdom

A

The was a period of time marked by war and disunity
Started off great, got conquered, then ended great (Mr. Kelly described it as a roller coaster)
Egypt was briefly taken over by the Hyksos

60
Q

Who took over in the New Kingdom?

A

In the New Kingdom a ruler, female, named Hatshepsut took control of Egypt. (1503-1482 BC)

61
Q

Spit some info about Hatshepsut

A

Crossdresser
Ruled for her nephew, because of which, her nephew tried to erase her from history

62
Q

How many calories in a baked potato

A

There are 390 cal in a loaded baked potato

63
Q

Ramses II

A

A brave military leader who conquered much land for Egypt
Also known as the middle east
Had 100+ kids
After ramses, many groups conquered Egypts ineffective rulers.

64
Q

Spit some facts about Nubia

A

Nubia was a wealthy kingdom located south of egypt
Egypt and Nubia competed for power and control of the Nile

65
Q

Sun god in Egypt:

A

Amon-Re (Ra)

66
Q

Only the —— could conduct ceremonies for Ra

A

Pharaoh

67
Q

Who ruled the underworld and was the god of the Nile? (the flood)

A

Osiris

68
Q

Who kills Osiris, and then who kills the killer that killed Osiris🤨?

A

Set (or Seth)
Horus

69
Q

After Osiris gets cooked by Set (or Seth), what happens to him?

A

Osiris becomes god of underworld because he died🚑

70
Q

Spit about Isis

A

Women worshipped her
Married to Osiris
Had Horus

71
Q

Egyptians thought Osiris was a king of Egypt who was great. Set hated Osiris so he murdered him to death. Set cut him into many bite-size pieces and spread them out. Isis collects all his pieces and unlike humpty dumpty Osiris gets put back together. Then kinged hell. Horus kills Set for vengeance like batman. “Foul tarnished, in search of the Elden Ring. Emboldened by the flame of ambition. Someone must extinguish thy flame. Let it be Margit the Fell!”

A

Read this when the card pops up it’d be very cool

72
Q

After Life in Egypt

A

People’s were tested in death

73
Q

Who are the grand jurors of the afterlife in Egypt?
How’d they do the judging?

A

Anubis and Thoth
Weighed heart against feather of truth
Balanced was good: Happy field of food
Too heavy meant heart gets eaten: Soul (Ka) spent forever in the stomach of the eater of the dead

74
Q

Mummification

A

Remove organs and prepared body for life after death
At first, this privilege was only for high-ranking officials

75
Q

Tombs

A

Tombs full of vast riches were often robbed
King Tutankhamen’s tomb was found in 1922 and it was full of treasures

76
Q

Which pharaoh tried to change the religion of Egypt💀?
What was his new system called?
Was is reversed, and if so, how?

A

A pharaoh named Amenhotep IV (changed his name to Akhenaton) tried to get people to worship only one god, Aton
Monotheistic
Yes, his son Tutankhamen changed it back

77
Q

Most Egyptians were-

A

farmers

78
Q

What were farmers doing when they weren’t farming?

A

When they were not farming they were working for the pharaoh

79
Q

Social Changes- Egypt

A

Merchant class grew in size and status
New demand for artisans

80
Q

Women in Egypt

A

They had higher status in Egypt than they did in the rest of the world
Could have almost any job
Couldn’t take government roles or become scribes

81
Q

What are Hieroglyphics?

A

formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.

Hieroglyphics-symbols for nouns; very subjective.

82
Q

Who kept all types of records: math, medicine, engineering, etc in Ancient Society?

A

Scribes

83
Q

Scribes used a ——; a simpler form of writing for everyday use.

A

Demotic

84
Q

What did Scribes in Egypt write on?

A

Wrote on Papyrus; reeds that are dried out, that are capable of holding ink

85
Q

Rosetta stone

A

French scholar discovered this in the early 1800s
Napoleon’s army found it
Contained the same message in Greek, hieroglyphics and demotic.
Jean Champollion figured out the rosetta stone
Cannot be trusted is French!!!!!!!!!!!!

86
Q

Egyptian Medicine

A

Many people believed in magic
They performed surgery and were skilled at diagnosing illnesses
They learned most of this from their knowledge of mummification

87
Q

Who studied the heavens in Egypt?

A

priest-astronomers

88
Q

Egyptian Calendar

A

12 months
30 days each
Added 5 days

89
Q

Annual flooding of the Nile lead to what?

A

Mathematics; Geometry in Egypt

90
Q

First Empire

A

Akkadians

91
Q

Akkadians

A

took control of the city states of Sumer
This was the first empire in history
Invaded Sumer
It was ruled by a king, Sargon

92
Q

Hammurabi

A

He was a Babylonian king who took most of Mesopotamia
He is famous for his code

93
Q

Hammurabi did not invent all the laws;

A

he was the first to have them written down

94
Q

Benefits of Hammurabi’s code for the citizens and government

A

Good for the people because the laws cannot be changed as easily
Good for the king because people cannot say they didn’t know

95
Q

Civil law:
Criminal law:

A

Civil law deals with the disputes between individuals, organizations, or between the two, in which compensation is awarded to the victim.
Criminal law is the body of law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses.

*Hammurabi’s Code contained both

96
Q

“An eye for an eye” only applies to-

A

people of the same social class

97
Q

Why were Hammurabi’s laws so harsh?

A

These laws were harsh to keep people in line

98
Q

Hammurabi’s Code was written down on-

A

a huge stone pillar placed in a town square

99
Q

Even if someone could not read, in Babylon-

A

they had to learn Hammurabi’s Code.

100
Q

Hammurabi’s Code and Women

A

His code did protect women but the man was the head of the household.

101
Q

Other achievements of Hammurabi

A

Irrigation, strong army, replaced Sumerian gods with Babylonian gods

102
Q

Where’d the Hittites pull up from?

A

Turkey/Asia Minor/Anatolia

103
Q

Who first discovered Iron/Metallurgy?

A

Hittites

104
Q

Why were the Hittities lucky?

A

They were lucky because there was a lot of iron ore in Turkey

105
Q

Big reason of why the Hittites were able to defeat Babylon.

A

They were able to defeat the Babylonians partly because of their iron weapons, which were stronger than bronze and copper ones.

106
Q

Hittities tried to keep this technology —–

A

secret

107
Q

Assyrians and Warfare

A

The Assyrians were a very strong group
They terrorised people along the rivers and eventually dominated the area

108
Q

Once the Assyrians settled down, they became what?
They also had an organised —— and founded one of the first ——-

A

less brutal and learned
societs-libraries

109
Q

Nebuchadnezzar

A

defeated the Assyrians and restored Babylon
He did NOT restore the Babylonian empire; they were gone
He enslaved all Jewish people because he thought they were wrong
He built canals, temples, new walls and his famous hanging gardens

110
Q

Cyrus the Great did what?

A

defeated the Chaldeans in 539 BCE
Persian Empire

111
Q

Spit some facts about Persia from the notes

A

They had a large empire and were tolerant of the people they conquered
Freed the Jews
United many peoples

112
Q

Darius was an important Persian ruler

A

He divided his empire into provinces and assigned a satrap to rule each province

He had laws made for the people

He built roads to help unite empire

113
Q

Roads helped connect Persia:

A

They helped transport soldiers
They helped unite the government
Economy or smth

114
Q

Satrap

A

governor

115
Q

Darius the Great used what to help trade?
This made sure of what?

A

weights and measures
Makes sure you get what you pay for

116
Q

Darius the Great introduced —— to replace the —— —–
What didn’t hold value in his society?

A

Coins-Barter System

Slaves

117
Q

Control of Mesopotamia Timeline

A

Sumerians
Akkadians
Babylonians
Hititties
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Persians

118
Q

Other ways Egyptians used math besides the Nile

A

Geometry - for making new boundaries

They needed math for irrigation

119
Q

Darius introduced weights and measures to replace the Barter System because:

A

Some things don’t hold value (e.g. apples rot and lose their value)
It is hard to know the exact value of an item in the barter system

120
Q

What modern day country was Persia located in?

A

Iran

121
Q

What was the name of a thinker that rejected the old gods in Persia?

A

Zoroaster

122
Q

What did the Zoroaster teach?

A

He taught that one god, Ahura Mazda, ruled the world

There was good and evil and people chose which side they would support

People would be judged after good triumphed over evil, and go to heaven or hell.

123
Q

Zoroastrianism is still a religion today

True or False

A

True

124
Q

What’d the Persian empire do with Zoroastrianism?

A

They eventually adopted this religion over their earlier polytheism

125
Q

The Phoenicians used what kind of dye?
Was the dye cheap expensive? Why?

A

purple dye from snails
The dye was expensive because it was hard to make

126
Q

What were the Phoenicians famous for?
Where did they live?

A

Famous for their sea travels
They lived along the Mediterranean coast

127
Q

Phoenicians Made the first

A

alphabet
22 letters

128
Q

Phoenicians were skilled-

A

merchants and craftsman

129
Q

The Phoenicians set up-

A

colonies along the coast
(Africa, Italy and Spain)

130
Q

COC

A

The Phoenicians were CARRIERS OF CIVILIZATION. Spread ideas

131
Q

How much autonomy did Darius allow?

A

Darius allowed some autonomy

132
Q

Persia was a —— based society

A

tribute

133
Q

tribute

A

A payment by one ruler or nation to another in acknowledgment of submission or as the price of protection. also. Maintaining control.

9H Social Studies (5 decks)

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