Egypt/Sudan (1882-1956) Flashcards
Who led the nationalist rebellion in Egypt in 1882 against British-imposed taxes and military reductions?
Colonel Arabi Pasha and fellow army officers led the rebellion.
What economic measures contributed to the rise of Arabi Pasha’s revolt in Egypt?
To prop up Egypt’s ailing economy, taxes were imposed on Egyptian food and goods, and Egypt’s army was reduced by two-thirds. These measures led to unemployment and discontent, fueling the nationalist rebellion.
What was the impact of Khedive Tewfiq appointing Arabi Pasha’s allies to government positions?
Tewfiq’s appointment of Arabi’s allies to government positions provoked British concerns due to their anti-European stance, escalating political tensions in Egypt.
What occurred during the Battle of Kafr El Dawwar in 1882?
Arabi’s forces dammed the irrigation canal next to the Cairo railway to cut off water to the British forces. Despite tactical advantages, the British were not severely impacted and regained lost ground without significant loss.
What happened during the Battle of Tell El Kebir in 1882?
British forces, led by Commander Wolseley, secured the Suez Canal and defeated Arabi Pasha’s forces in a brief battle lasting less than an hour.
Who was Yaqub Sanu and what was his contribution to Egyptian resistance?
Yaqub Sanu was an Egyptian journalist and cartoonist. He used satire to mock the Khedive and British rulers, producing cartoons in Egyptian Arabic to make them accessible to a wider, often illiterate, audience.
What was the name of the newspaper established by Yaqub Sanu in 1877, and why was it significant?
The newspaper was called Abu-Naddara Zarqa. It was the first to use Egyptian Arabic, which made it accessible to a broader audience and became a key tool for nationalist sentiment.
Why did Yaqub Sanu flee to Paris?
Sanu fled to Paris after Khedive Ismail ordered his arrest for mocking Ismail’s extravagant spending, which had led to Egypt’s bankruptcy in 1876.
What economic policy was criticized by Egyptian middle-class nationalists in the late 1800s?
Nationalists criticized the British for failing to promote Egypt’s cloth-making industry, preferring to focus on raw cotton production to benefit Lancashire’s spinners, thus causing unemployment in Egypt.
What was the Al-Hizb al-Watani party, and what did it seek?
Al-Hizb al-Watani was a nationalist political party founded in 1881 and re-established in 1893. It aimed to end British occupation of Egypt and establish a representative government.
What was the Denshawai Incident, and what was its outcome?
In June 1906, a conflict between British officers and Egyptian villagers at Denshawai led to the arrest of 52 villagers. Four were convicted of murder and sentenced to death, fueling anti-British sentiment in Egypt.
What event triggered the Egyptian Revolution of 1919?
The British exiled nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul and other members of his party, triggering a countrywide revolution with civil disobedience, strikes, riots, and widespread violence.
What was the outcome of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919?
The revolution led to the Milner Report, and in 1922, Egypt gained partial independence, though Britain retained control over Sudan and refused full Egyptian sovereignty.
What role did Gamal Abdel Nasser play in Egypt’s fight for independence?
Nasser led the 1952 Egyptian revolution and later nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, asserting Egypt’s sovereignty and challenging British control.
What was Nasser’s stance on the Suez Canal in 1956, and why was it significant?
In 1956, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal, aiming to fund the Aswan Dam project. This move challenged British and French imperial control over the waterway, making Nasser a symbol of anti-imperialist resistance.
What were the consequences of Nasser’s nationalization of industries in 1957?
Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets, including industries such as tobacco and cement, and achieved increased agricultural production and industrial investment.
Who was Colonel Charles Gordon, and what role did he play in Sudan in the late 1800s?
Colonel Charles Gordon was appointed by Britain to act as the Governor-General of Egyptian-administered Sudan from 1877 to 1880, overseeing the region on behalf of the Khedive.
Who was Muhammad Ahmad, and what movement did he lead?
Muhammad Ahmad, known as the Mahdi, proclaimed himself the savior of mankind in 1881 and led a jihadist movement to liberate Sudan from Egyptian and British control.
What happened in the Mahdist Revolt of 1885?
The Mahdist forces overran Khartoum, killing General Gordon and his troops. This marked a significant victory for the Mahdists in their struggle for Sudanese independence.
How did the British respond to the Mahdist revolt?
In 1898, British forces defeated the Mahdists, leading to the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian administration and solidifying British control over Sudan.
What role did the Anglo-Egyptian administration play in Sudan?
The Anglo-Egyptian administration was established after the defeat of the Mahdists in 1898. It formalized British domination over Sudan, with Egypt also sharing control, although this was effectively under British oversight.
How did Sudanese resistance to British rule manifest in the early 1900s?
Sudanese resistance included uprisings in 1900, 1902-03, 1904, and 1908. British reprisals were often brutal, involving mass executions and further resentment against colonial control.
What was the significance of Sultan Yambio’s surrender in 1905?
Sultan Yambio’s surrender in 1905 marked the end of lawlessness in the Kordofan region, but it also represented the increasing suppression of Sudanese resistance by the British.
What was the aim of Egyptian nationalist leaders regarding Sudan in the early 20th century?
Egyptian nationalist leaders sought to force Britain to recognize a single, independent union of Egypt and Sudan, hoping to end British dominance in both countries.
