Egypt and the Sudan 1870-1914 Flashcards
What nations took financial control of Egypt in 1878?
Dual control was taken of the Egyptian economy by France and Britain
Why was British intervention in Egypt originally so strange?
Gladstone was pro-small government and anti-imperialist, yet he took control of Egypt to protect British investments and the Suez Canal.
Why was the acquisition of Egypt important geo-politically?
The Suez Canal; Britain and France wanted to check Austro-Hungarian and Russian interest in the Mediterranean after the inevitable fall of the Ottoman Empire.
How much foreign debt did the Khedives get themselves in between 1863-70?
Debt from European loans went from £3m to £100
<p>When was Egypt officially bankrupt?</p>
<p>1876</p>
<p>What did the Dual Control force upon the Khedive?</p>
<p>Ismail Pasha had to reduce army, introduce food taxes and reform the financial system?</p>
When was Ismail Pasha deposed and by who?
In 1879 the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire removed him
Who took over Egypt after the Sultan was persuaded to step back?
Ismail Pasha’s son, Tewfiq Pasha
What military leader formed a rebellious army in 1879?
Colonel Arabi Pasha formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party
Who supported Arabi Pasha?
Those in the army wanting a raise, the bourgeoisie disliking the economic meddling of the dual powers, and the fellahin (peasants)
What actually caused the Arabi Pasha uprising of 1879?
Government plan’s to dismiss 2,500 army officers and halve the rest’s salaries
What was the result of the coup of 1879?
A nationalist ministry was created including Arabi Pasha
What did Arabi Pasha do immediately when in power which frightening the Dual Controls (Britain and France)?
Borrowed £400,000 to reverse the need for army cuts
Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with strategy?
80% of Suez Canal ships were British, which they had a 45% share in - also to make sure France did not become too powerful in the region
Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with trade?
Britain took 80% of Egyptian exports and created 44% of it’s import market
Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with finance?
There were many British bond-holders with Egyptian assets who would lose lots if the country defaulted (even Gladstone had 37% wealth in the area)
Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with people?
On the 11th June 1882 there were anti-Christian riots, where 20% of population was European and 50 were killed
What did the Dual Controls send Egypt in 1882 in terms of diplomacy and what was the result?
The Gambetta Note led to the Arabi Pasha forcing a nationalist cabinet on the khedive
How did violence begin in Egypt in 1882?
11 June - Nationalist uprising led by Arabi Pasha in Alexandria- killed 50 Europeans; prompted GB ordering for formal occupation of Egyptian
Oct- Egyptian rebellion crushed by Royal Navy bombardment and invasion of GB army; Br formally became ‘government of Egypt’ and instated Tewfiq (puppet ruler) as Egyptian ruler, ending dual control with France
What is the end result for he who holds power in Egypt after 1882?
Tewfiq becomes new puppet Khedive under British control, Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General
Why was the veiled protectorate held up for so long in terms of leadership?
Baring had an extensive plan of reform for Egypt which would take time to achieve
Why was the veiled protectorate held up for so long in terms of home politics in Britain?
Gladstone’s defeat 1886 led to the more imperialist PM Lord Salisbury
Why was the Khedive powerless after 1882?
All actions had to be approved by the British, who not only had Baring, but made up a large amount of the Civil Service
How long did Sir Evelyn Baring lead Egypt for?
From 1883-1907
How did Sudan fall into such a state of rampant jihadism?
After Gordon left as governor of Khartoum, anti-khedive revolts were not put down, and then the Mahdi emerged in 1881
Why was Sudan important to Salisbury?
While the place was not, the thought of jihadist expansion around the Suez Canal and Alexandria was worrying
What was the British reaction to the failed Constantinople Conference?
They decided they couldn’t give up Egypt out of fear of Great Powers taking over
What was the financial achievements of the Baring years?
He returned Egypt to solvency by 1887, using loans to stabilise the debt problems - debt repayment made up half of spending
How much money did Baring spend on irrigation?
£1m
What was Baring’s big plan for Egyptian agriculture?
The only was to improve the situation for fellahin (peasants) was to achieve proper drainage in the farms
What did Baring do with the education system of Egypt?
Secondary education was not the role of the state to provide, and too much of it would destabilise the country anyhow - he increased tuition fees on primary schools to decrease enrolment
What increased under Tewfiq’s replacement, Abbas Hilami?
Arab nationalism, with inspired minds such as Mustafa Kamil encouraging anti-British sentiments in Europe and Egypt
Which underlying current in Egyptian peasant society passed by Baring?
Born out of a lack of social mobility, particularly due to education reforms, peasants felt more nationalist
Which changes did Gordon make to the Sudan 1973-80 which destabilised the area?
He cracked down on the slave trade, removing the traditional leaders of the area - this allowed the Mahdi to fill the power vacuum
How did the Mahdi persuade many to support him?
Played on the dislikes of Egyptian taxes and authority. Also proclaimed a radical Islamic jihad.
How many were killed by the mahdists in the Hicks expedition in 1882?
7,700
When was Gordon sent to Khartoum for a second time and what were his orders?
In 1884 he was ordered to evacuate the city of Europeans and Egyptians, and the Sudanese garrisons
What is thought of Gordon’s end desire for his Sudanese mission and why?
It is thought he wanted evacuation to turn to intervention
What is the evidence Gordon wished for intervention in the Sudan?
He telegraphed many messages to London to get authority to hand the city of the an ex-slave trader, and messages to Baring for more troops, and smuggled copies of his diary out of the area to gain support for his cause
Why did Gordon not evacuate Khartoum earlier?
He waited for people to be saved from the surrounding areas