egypt 1957-1914 Flashcards
Which Empire was Egypt part of at the start of the 19th century?
Ottoman
Give one reason why Muhammad Ali was significant in 19th century Egypt
he modernised Egypt, brought in European inestors
What years did Ismail Pasha reign?
1863-1879
What title did the Sultan finally acknowledge Ismail as having?
Khadeve
Give two reasons as to why Egypt was important to Britain
trade routes
rivalry with France
many British financiers working in Egypt
What was the position of British foreign policy prior to 1882 in relation to the Ottoman Empire?
they supported the Ottoman empire
- wanted to preserve it to curb potential Russian expansion & preserve European balance of power
When was the Suez Canal built and what nationality was the engineer behind it?
French engineer, 1869
What was the total level of Egyptian debt by the end of Ismail’s rule?
£100 million
Which report led to Anglo-French dual control of Egypt’s economy?
Cave report
Why was Ismail forced out of power?
he fired the minister of finance; Rivers Wilson
What did the joint note of 1882 state?
Britain & France would help the Khedive against any threat or disturbance to the peace
How many Europeans were killed in the 1882 Alexandria riots?
50
At which 1882 battle was Arabi defeated by a Garnet Wolseley-led British army?
Tel-el-Kebir
What was Egypt known as under British rule and why was this phrase used?
veiled protectorate
- still formally under the ottoman empire, but in all practical terms Egypt was ruled by Britain after 1882
What percentage of shares did Britain buy in the Suez Canal and in what year?
41%, in 1875
when wad dual control and why
1876
-response to the cave report, which suggested Egypt’s economy was at risk
-anglo-french economic control saw standards plummet for Egyptians and poverty began to spread throughout
-nationalism began to grow in strength
arabi pasha 1879
-new nationalist gov. in Egypt. Ismail removed and replaced by Tewfik
-riots caused by Arabi’s followers in Alexandria- led to deaths of 50 europeans
-Br. call on France to enact revenge and bomb Alexandria
-battle of tel-el-kebir won by Wolseley saw the end of arabi’s control
joint note 1882
-br and france would help the khedive against any threat towards egypt
-Egypt becomes ‘veiled protectorate’
issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890
1) capitulations
-privileges once granted by the Sultan to protect Europeans from muslim laws against christians
-any new Egyptian law affecting europeans had to be approved by the gov. of all countries represented in egypt
issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890
2)the French
-posed a challenge to Br prior to fashoda incident - 1898.
-1904- Entente Cordiale (friendly alliance)
-French agreed to respect Br special rights in Egypt, in return for Br. recognition of the French takeover in Morocco
-Caise de la dette ceased to control Egyptian finances and became only a debt collection agency
issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890
3) mixed courts
-set up to deal with cases involving Egyptians and europeans
-presided over by Europeans and Egyptian judges who were not always supportive of the Br.
issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890
4)caisse de la dette
Austria-Hungary, France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Russia - controlled Egypt’s finances
-half the country’s revenue went to paying European bond holders
-members of the caisse de la dette could prevent the br consul general from spending Egypt’s money on materials they disapproved of
when was the denshawi dam incident
1906
what did baring do in egypt
-made cutbacks to Egypt’s military and bureaucracy
-revitalised the economy by improving communications and investing in irrigation schemes
-reformed Egyptian army by placing 6,000 troops.
