egypt 1957-1914

Question 1

Which Empire was Egypt part of at the start of the 19th century?

Answer 1

Ottoman

Question 2

Give one reason why Muhammad Ali was significant in 19th century Egypt

Answer 2

he modernised Egypt, brought in European inestors

Question 3

What years did Ismail Pasha reign?

Answer 3

1863-1879

Question 4

What title did the Sultan finally acknowledge Ismail as having?

Answer 4

Khadeve

Question 5

Give two reasons as to why Egypt was important to Britain

Answer 5

trade routes
rivalry with France
many British financiers working in Egypt

Question 6

What was the position of British foreign policy prior to 1882 in relation to the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 6

they supported the Ottoman empire
- wanted to preserve it to curb potential Russian expansion & preserve European balance of power

Question 7

When was the Suez Canal built and what nationality was the engineer behind it?

Answer 7

French engineer, 1869

Question 8

What was the total level of Egyptian debt by the end of Ismail’s rule?

Answer 8

£100 million

Question 9

Which report led to Anglo-French dual control of Egypt’s economy?

Answer 9

Cave report

Question 10

Why was Ismail forced out of power?

Answer 10

he fired the minister of finance; Rivers Wilson

Question 11

What did the joint note of 1882 state?

Answer 11

Britain & France would help the Khedive against any threat or disturbance to the peace

Question 12

How many Europeans were killed in the 1882 Alexandria riots?

Answer 12

50

Question 13

At which 1882 battle was Arabi defeated by a Garnet Wolseley-led British army?

Answer 13

Tel-el-Kebir

Question 14

What was Egypt known as under British rule and why was this phrase used?

Answer 14

veiled protectorate
- still formally under the ottoman empire, but in all practical terms Egypt was ruled by Britain after 1882

Question 15

What percentage of shares did Britain buy in the Suez Canal and in what year?

Answer 15

41%, in 1875

Question 16

when wad dual control and why

Answer 16

1876
-response to the cave report, which suggested Egypt’s economy was at risk
-anglo-french economic control saw standards plummet for Egyptians and poverty began to spread throughout
-nationalism began to grow in strength

Question 17

arabi pasha 1879

Answer 17

-new nationalist gov. in Egypt. Ismail removed and replaced by Tewfik
-riots caused by Arabi’s followers in Alexandria- led to deaths of 50 europeans
-Br. call on France to enact revenge and bomb Alexandria
-battle of tel-el-kebir won by Wolseley saw the end of arabi’s control

Question 18

joint note 1882

Answer 18

-br and france would help the khedive against any threat towards egypt
-Egypt becomes ‘veiled protectorate’

Question 19

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

1) capitulations

Answer 19

-privileges once granted by the Sultan to protect Europeans from muslim laws against christians
-any new Egyptian law affecting europeans had to be approved by the gov. of all countries represented in egypt

Question 20

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

2)the French

Answer 20

-posed a challenge to Br prior to fashoda incident - 1898.

-1904- Entente Cordiale (friendly alliance)

-French agreed to respect Br special rights in Egypt, in return for Br. recognition of the French takeover in Morocco

-Caise de la dette ceased to control Egyptian finances and became only a debt collection agency

Question 21

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

3) mixed courts

Answer 21

-set up to deal with cases involving Egyptians and europeans
-presided over by Europeans and Egyptian judges who were not always supportive of the Br.

Question 22

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

4)caisse de la dette

Answer 22

Austria-Hungary, France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Russia - controlled Egypt’s finances
-half the country’s revenue went to paying European bond holders
-members of the caisse de la dette could prevent the br consul general from spending Egypt’s money on materials they disapproved of

Question 23

when was the denshawi dam incident

Answer 23

1906

Question 24

what did baring do in egypt

Answer 24

-made cutbacks to Egypt’s military and bureaucracy
-revitalised the economy by improving communications and investing in irrigation schemes
-reformed Egyptian army by placing 6,000 troops.