egypt 1957-1914 Flashcards

1
Q

Which Empire was Egypt part of at the start of the 19th century?

A

Ottoman

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2
Q

Give one reason why Muhammad Ali was significant in 19th century Egypt

A

he modernised Egypt, brought in European inestors

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3
Q

What years did Ismail Pasha reign?

A

1863-1879

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4
Q

What title did the Sultan finally acknowledge Ismail as having?

A

Khadeve

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5
Q

Give two reasons as to why Egypt was important to Britain

A

trade routes
rivalry with France
many British financiers working in Egypt

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6
Q

What was the position of British foreign policy prior to 1882 in relation to the Ottoman Empire?

A

they supported the Ottoman empire
- wanted to preserve it to curb potential Russian expansion & preserve European balance of power

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7
Q

When was the Suez Canal built and what nationality was the engineer behind it?

A

French engineer, 1869

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8
Q

What was the total level of Egyptian debt by the end of Ismail’s rule?

A

£100 million

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9
Q

Which report led to Anglo-French dual control of Egypt’s economy?

A

Cave report

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10
Q

Why was Ismail forced out of power?

A

he fired the minister of finance; Rivers Wilson

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11
Q

What did the joint note of 1882 state?

A

Britain & France would help the Khedive against any threat or disturbance to the peace

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12
Q

How many Europeans were killed in the 1882 Alexandria riots?

A

50

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13
Q

At which 1882 battle was Arabi defeated by a Garnet Wolseley-led British army?

A

Tel-el-Kebir

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14
Q

What was Egypt known as under British rule and why was this phrase used?

A

veiled protectorate
- still formally under the ottoman empire, but in all practical terms Egypt was ruled by Britain after 1882

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15
Q

What percentage of shares did Britain buy in the Suez Canal and in what year?

A

41%, in 1875

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16
Q

when wad dual control and why

A

1876
-response to the cave report, which suggested Egypt’s economy was at risk
-anglo-french economic control saw standards plummet for Egyptians and poverty began to spread throughout
-nationalism began to grow in strength

17
Q

arabi pasha 1879

A

-new nationalist gov. in Egypt. Ismail removed and replaced by Tewfik
-riots caused by Arabi’s followers in Alexandria- led to deaths of 50 europeans
-Br. call on France to enact revenge and bomb Alexandria
-battle of tel-el-kebir won by Wolseley saw the end of arabi’s control

18
Q

joint note 1882

A

-br and france would help the khedive against any threat towards egypt
-Egypt becomes ‘veiled protectorate’

19
Q

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

1) capitulations

A

-privileges once granted by the Sultan to protect Europeans from muslim laws against christians
-any new Egyptian law affecting europeans had to be approved by the gov. of all countries represented in egypt

20
Q

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

2)the French

A

-posed a challenge to Br prior to fashoda incident - 1898.

-1904- Entente Cordiale (friendly alliance)

-French agreed to respect Br special rights in Egypt, in return for Br. recognition of the French takeover in Morocco

-Caise de la dette ceased to control Egyptian finances and became only a debt collection agency

21
Q

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

3) mixed courts

A

-set up to deal with cases involving Egyptians and europeans
-presided over by Europeans and Egyptian judges who were not always supportive of the Br.

22
Q

issues faced by Britain in Egypt after 1890

4)caisse de la dette

A

Austria-Hungary, France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Russia - controlled Egypt’s finances
-half the country’s revenue went to paying European bond holders
-members of the caisse de la dette could prevent the br consul general from spending Egypt’s money on materials they disapproved of

23
Q

when was the denshawi dam incident

A

1906

24
Q

what did baring do in egypt

A

-made cutbacks to Egypt’s military and bureaucracy
-revitalised the economy by improving communications and investing in irrigation schemes
-reformed Egyptian army by placing 6,000 troops.

25
Q
A