Efficiency in Livestock Production #2 Flashcards
Examples of energy feed?
Corn, wheat, barley, oil
What’s in feed?
Energy, protein/amino acids, macro minerals, micro minerals and vitamins
Examples of protein/amino acids?
SBM, canola meal, animal proteins, amino acids
Examples of macro minerals?
Organic and inorganic
What are the goals for feeding?
Promote maximum efficient growth, meet reqs of animals with limited excess, and accuracy
What do we need to know?
Need accurate reqs of animals and accurate evaluations of our feed ingredients
Phase feeding definition
Phase feeding is a term used to describe the feeding of several diets for a relatively short period of time to more closely match an animal’s nutrient requirements
Why do we phase feed animals?
Reqs change as animals grow and age (their feed intake increases, BUT lower proportion of BW)
How many phases when phase feeding broilers? What are they?
- Starter, grower, finisher
What other number of phases are also common when phase feeding broilers? What are they?
4-5. Pre-starter, starter, grower, finisher 1 and 2
What to do as animals age?
Reduce nutrient density in each diet which makes diets cheaper as you go
May require ______ diet if medications or antibiotics
Withdrawal
What is an example of phase feeding pigs?
Purdue farm
How long do pigs stay in nursery?
4 weeks
What are piglets given when in the nursery?
New diet each week that contains highly digestible protein
Which is the most expensive unit in phase feeding pigs?
Nursery
What time are pigs in grow out phase?
Up to 18 weeks
How many phases are in the grow out unit?
6 phases
Alternative feed ingredients
Byproducts, insect meals, uncommon grains and oil seeds, concentrates and purified proteins
Advantages of phase feeding
Closely meeting reqs of animals (little excess) and optimize efficiency
How to feed pigs during grow out phase?
Reduce nutrient density as you go
How is it best to optimize efficiency?
Maximize growth, minimize FCR, minimize waste
Examples of byproducts
Distillers grains (other alcohol byproducts) and food byproducts (bakery meal, grease)
Examples of insect meals
Black soldier fly and crickets
Uncommon grains and oil seeds examples
Beans and peas
DDGS are what?
Byproduct of ethanol production
What happens to the remaining nutrients in DDGS?
All of them become more concentrated
Regarding DDGs, protein and minerals most considered
Can also concentrate antinutrients
Regarding DDGs, remarkable amount of ______ done to figure out how to use it
Research
DDGS are fed to which animals (least to most commonly)?
Broilers, turkeys/layers, pigs, feedlots
Up to which % are DDGS commonly fed to animals?
Broilers up to 8%, turkeys/layers up to 10%, pigs up to 30%, feedlots up to 50%
What are feed addititives?
Non feed items added to diets to enhance production
Examples of feed additives
Anti-biotic growth promoters, exogenous enzymes, pre- & pro-biotics, super dosed minerals, beta-agonists
Where are anti-biotic growth promoters found?
In feed at subtherapeutic levels
What do anti-biotic growth promoters do?
Produce greater feed efficiency and higher health status (help keep pathogens in the gut at bay)
Anti-biotic growth promoters issues
Potential to increase drug resistance in pathogens and outlawed in EU and much reduced in the US
Anti-biotic alternatives
Use of essential oils and aromatic ingredients and super dosing minerals
Problems with use of essential oils and aromatic ingredients
May have limited efficacy and may need much more study
Super dosing minerals examples
Cu- 250+ ppm, Zn-1000-3000 ppm, improve immune response and FCR, issues with Cu
What are pre-biotics?
Substrates that are fed in an attempt to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria
Examples of pre-biotics
Specific fibers and other compounds
What are pro-biotics?
They live in bacteria that are fed as an attempt to improve composition of the microbiome (can be affective but inconsistent)
Beta-agonists
Ractopamine, paylean
Are beta-agonists controversial? Effective or not?
Slightly controversial, but very effective (amount aloud is capped at 9 mg/kg - 0.09%)
What do beta-agonists do?
Binds enzymes that are responsible for fat metabolism and lipogenesis
What do beta-agonists result in?
In greater lean gain for finishing pigs (and other animals)
What do beta-agonists increase?
Feed efficiency more than 15% at current feeding levels
For which animals are exogenous enzymes used?
Very popular for monogastric animals
Different types of exogenous enzymes
Phytases, carbohydrases, proteases
What are exogenous enzymes made by?
Made by modified micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi
What do exogenous enzymes fo”
Act on substrates in the feed and affect endogenous activities of animal
Most commonly used enzyme for livestock (possibly most used additive)
Phytase
What is the primary purpose of Phytase?
To break down phytate P from plant sources
What else does Phytase do?
Improves digestibility of other nutrients and improves growth performance
Goal of additives for ruminants
Provide for/change the gut microbes
Additives for ruminants examples
Very specific anti-biotics, ionophores, Beta-agonists
Example of very specific anti-biotics
Tylan
Examples of ionophores
Rumensin, also used in chicken as coccidiostat
Beta-agonists do what?
Reduce fat metabolism and increase lean gain
What can increase efficiency?
Alternative ingredients and feed additives
