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Blanton Slides > Efficiency in Livestock Production #2 > Flashcards

Efficiency in Livestock Production #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of energy feed?

A

Corn, wheat, barley, oil

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2
Q

What’s in feed?

A

Energy, protein/amino acids, macro minerals, micro minerals and vitamins

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3
Q

Examples of protein/amino acids?

A

SBM, canola meal, animal proteins, amino acids

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4
Q

Examples of macro minerals?

A

Organic and inorganic

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5
Q

What are the goals for feeding?

A

Promote maximum efficient growth, meet reqs of animals with limited excess, and accuracy

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6
Q

What do we need to know?

A

Need accurate reqs of animals and accurate evaluations of our feed ingredients

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7
Q

Phase feeding definition

A

Phase feeding is a term used to describe the feeding of several diets for a relatively short period of time to more closely match an animal’s nutrient requirements

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8
Q

Why do we phase feed animals?

A

Reqs change as animals grow and age (their feed intake increases, BUT lower proportion of BW)

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9
Q

How many phases when phase feeding broilers? What are they?

A
  1. Starter, grower, finisher
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10
Q

What other number of phases are also common when phase feeding broilers? What are they?

A

4-5. Pre-starter, starter, grower, finisher 1 and 2

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11
Q

What to do as animals age?

A

Reduce nutrient density in each diet which makes diets cheaper as you go

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12
Q

May require ______ diet if medications or antibiotics

A

Withdrawal

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13
Q

What is an example of phase feeding pigs?

A

Purdue farm

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14
Q

How long do pigs stay in nursery?

A

4 weeks

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15
Q

What are piglets given when in the nursery?

A

New diet each week that contains highly digestible protein

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16
Q

Which is the most expensive unit in phase feeding pigs?

A

Nursery

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17
Q

What time are pigs in grow out phase?

A

Up to 18 weeks

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18
Q

How many phases are in the grow out unit?

A

6 phases

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18
Q

Alternative feed ingredients

A

Byproducts, insect meals, uncommon grains and oil seeds, concentrates and purified proteins

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18
Q

Advantages of phase feeding

A

Closely meeting reqs of animals (little excess) and optimize efficiency

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18
Q

How to feed pigs during grow out phase?

A

Reduce nutrient density as you go

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18
Q

How is it best to optimize efficiency?

A

Maximize growth, minimize FCR, minimize waste

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19
Q

Examples of byproducts

A

Distillers grains (other alcohol byproducts) and food byproducts (bakery meal, grease)

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20
Q

Examples of insect meals

A

Black soldier fly and crickets

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21
Q

Uncommon grains and oil seeds examples

A

Beans and peas

22
Q

DDGS are what?

A

Byproduct of ethanol production

23
Q

What happens to the remaining nutrients in DDGS?

A

All of them become more concentrated

24
Q

Regarding DDGs, protein and minerals most considered

A

Can also concentrate antinutrients

25
Q

Regarding DDGs, remarkable amount of ______ done to figure out how to use it

A

Research

26
Q

DDGS are fed to which animals (least to most commonly)?

A

Broilers, turkeys/layers, pigs, feedlots

27
Q

Up to which % are DDGS commonly fed to animals?

A

Broilers up to 8%, turkeys/layers up to 10%, pigs up to 30%, feedlots up to 50%

28
Q

What are feed addititives?

A

Non feed items added to diets to enhance production

29
Q

Examples of feed additives

A

Anti-biotic growth promoters, exogenous enzymes, pre- & pro-biotics, super dosed minerals, beta-agonists

30
Q

Where are anti-biotic growth promoters found?

A

In feed at subtherapeutic levels

31
Q

What do anti-biotic growth promoters do?

A

Produce greater feed efficiency and higher health status (help keep pathogens in the gut at bay)

32
Q

Anti-biotic growth promoters issues

A

Potential to increase drug resistance in pathogens and outlawed in EU and much reduced in the US

33
Q

Anti-biotic alternatives

A

Use of essential oils and aromatic ingredients and super dosing minerals

34
Q

Problems with use of essential oils and aromatic ingredients

A

May have limited efficacy and may need much more study

35
Q

Super dosing minerals examples

A

Cu- 250+ ppm, Zn-1000-3000 ppm, improve immune response and FCR, issues with Cu

36
Q

What are pre-biotics?

A

Substrates that are fed in an attempt to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria

37
Q

Examples of pre-biotics

A

Specific fibers and other compounds

38
Q

What are pro-biotics?

A

They live in bacteria that are fed as an attempt to improve composition of the microbiome (can be affective but inconsistent)

39
Q

Beta-agonists

A

Ractopamine, paylean

40
Q

Are beta-agonists controversial? Effective or not?

A

Slightly controversial, but very effective (amount aloud is capped at 9 mg/kg - 0.09%)

41
Q

What do beta-agonists do?

A

Binds enzymes that are responsible for fat metabolism and lipogenesis

42
Q

What do beta-agonists result in?

A

In greater lean gain for finishing pigs (and other animals)

43
Q

What do beta-agonists increase?

A

Feed efficiency more than 15% at current feeding levels

44
Q

For which animals are exogenous enzymes used?

A

Very popular for monogastric animals

45
Q

Different types of exogenous enzymes

A

Phytases, carbohydrases, proteases

46
Q

What are exogenous enzymes made by?

A

Made by modified micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi

47
Q

What do exogenous enzymes fo”

A

Act on substrates in the feed and affect endogenous activities of animal

48
Q

Most commonly used enzyme for livestock (possibly most used additive)

A

Phytase

49
Q

What is the primary purpose of Phytase?

A

To break down phytate P from plant sources

50
Q

What else does Phytase do?

A

Improves digestibility of other nutrients and improves growth performance

51
Q

Goal of additives for ruminants

A

Provide for/change the gut microbes

52
Q

Additives for ruminants examples

A

Very specific anti-biotics, ionophores, Beta-agonists

53
Q

Example of very specific anti-biotics

A

Tylan

54
Q

Examples of ionophores

A

Rumensin, also used in chicken as coccidiostat

55
Q

Beta-agonists do what?

A

Reduce fat metabolism and increase lean gain

56
Q

What can increase efficiency?

A

Alternative ingredients and feed additives

Blanton Slides (9 decks)

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