Efficiency in Livestock Production #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is efficiency?

A

Minimize what goes in, maximize what comes out

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2
Q

Cycle of a breeding program

A

Definition of breeding goals, recording & identification of animal with desirable traits, utilization of selected animals for reproduction, evaluation of the obtained response

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3
Q

What are the goals?

A

Improve production (growth and feed conversion), improve health (animal well being, soundness, reproduction (fertility and parturition performance)

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4
Q

Production traits

A

Animals with faster growth, high egg or milk production, improved feed conversion, leaner or fatter animals, carcass traits tend to be highly heritable

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5
Q

Are production traits relatively easy to select for or not?

A

Yes

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6
Q

High egg or milk production in ducks and cows

A

Ducks is 13-30 over 300
Cows is 18k to 24k lbs/cow/year (1.5%)

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7
Q

Health traits

A

Selecting animals with high health status, avoiding recessive disorders, selecting for disease or environmental resistance, avoid making selections that lead to unintended consequences

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8
Q

Examples of selecting animals with high health status

A

Genes for immunocompetence in pigs, lameness or mastitis in dairy cows

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9
Q

Examples of avoiding recessive disorders

A

Osteoporosis and dwarfism in beef

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10
Q

Examples of avoiding making selections that lead to unintended consequences

A

Birthing, trouble, lameness, breast abnormalities

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11
Q

Reproduction things to consider

A

Terminal vs maternal breeding, selection for litter size/birth weight, teats and milk production (weaning weight), poultry breeders (egg size and #)

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12
Q

Is reproduction highly or lowly heritable?

A

Lowly heritable

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13
Q

How are litter size and birth weight a double-edged sword?

A

Inversely related. The bigger the litter, the smaller the weight and vice versa

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14
Q

EPD stand for..?

A

Expected progeny difference

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15
Q

What is EPD?

A

Predictions on the performance of an individual as a parents

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16
Q

How is EPD measured?

A

Based on measurements of its own performance and that of relatives

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17
Q

Regarding EDP, what values are given?

A

Values given compared to breed average for the year

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18
Q

Order of genetic lines from biggest to smallest

A

Broilers, parent stock, grand parent stock, grade grand parent, pedigree elite stock

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19
Q

Where are pigs situated?

A

Somewhere in between

20
Q

How does breeding happen regarding pigs?

A

Genetic lines maintained, but selective pairings still happen (can be from one male or a pool)

21
Q

Different types of livestock reproduction

A

Natural vs artificial

22
Q

Advantages of natural breeding

A

Low labor and cost

23
Q

Disadvantages of natural breeding

A

Less control

24
Q

Advantages of artificial insemination

A

Very controlled

25
Q

Disadvantages of artificial insemination

A

Associated cost and greater handling

26
Q

Which animals usually breed naturally?

A

Broiler breeders, beef cattle, sheep and goats, small farms

27
Q

Which animals usually breed through artificial insemination?

A

Turkey breeders, dairy cows, swine, layer breeders, beef cows

28
Q

Why is estrus synchronization done?

A

Breed all together, babies come together, less work determining estrus

29
Q

How to do estrus synchronization?

A

Use exogenous hormones to get all females to ovulate close together

30
Q

In which animals is estrus synchronization common?

A

Cattle and sheep

31
Q

Additional advancements

A

In vitro fertilization/embryo implantation, laparoscopic AI, deep uterine AI

32
Q

IVF/embryo implantation facts

A

Multiples from 1 cow, go to better maternal cows, bring in new female genetics for less

33
Q

Laparoscopic AI is used in which animals? For what reason?

A

Small ruminants that have complicated cervixes

34
Q

Laparoscopic AI can use ______ _______ for _______ sucess

A

Processed semen; high

35
Q

What is deep uterine AI?

A

Depositing semen far past the cervix

36
Q

Why is deep uterine AI beneficial?

A

Lower semen loss (less semen needed) and higher conception rates

37
Q

What happens if you feed adults cows?

A

They are fully grown so they are not going to grow more lean tissue, only fat

38
Q

Goal when feeding adult cows

A

Need to maintain them, but support the work they are doing

39
Q

What are the stages of adult cows?

A

Early gestation < late gestation < lactation

40
Q

What happens when you feed sows?

A

They will continue to gain lean tissue, but fat is still an issue

41
Q

How can you feed sows precisely?

A

Gestation crates or group housing

42
Q

What are the stages of sows?

A

Early gestation < late gestation < lactation

43
Q

What should be given to sows?

A

Less dense feeds such as wheat middlings and soy hulls

44
Q

Regarding feeding, poultry breeders have similar issues to production animal? In what way?

A

Dairy cows, must maintain but support external production

45
Q

Should poultry breeders be fed for fast or slow growth? Then what?

A

Slow, then maintain at constant weight

46
Q

Is there ever a down period for poultry breeders?

A

No (although there are exceptions?)

47
Q

What should be given to poultry breeders?

A

Lower nutrient dense feeds