Effect

Question 1

Beta blockers

Answer 1

Decrease CO & BP. -I & -C (reduced workload and oxygen demand of the heart). Decreases renin output which reduces afterload

Question 2

Alpha 1 blockers (vascular selective) acute effect

Answer 2

reduce arterolar resistance and I erase venous capacitance, may cause reflex increase in HR and plasma renin activity

Question 3

Alpha 1 blockers (vascular selective) chronic affect

Answer 3

Reduce arterial resistance and hyperplasia

Question 4

Alpha 2 agonist

Answer 4

Reduces BP by reducing NA release (and sumo output) on heart and peripheral vasculature

Question 5

Ace inhibitor

Answer 5

Reduce vasoconstriction (arteries) (decreased afterload). Increase venous dilation (reduce preload). Decrease TPR & BP. increase Na & H2O excretion = reduces plasma volume &BP. Reduces aldosterone release

Question 6

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Answer 6

Prevents vascular sm contraction & vasoconstriction pressor responses, aldosterone activation, profibrotic pathways etc

Question 7

Statins

Answer 7

Decreases hepatic de bono cholesterol synthesis, increases LDL receptor synthesis which increases LDL clearance from bloodstream also slight increase in plasma HDL.
Activates PPAR which inhibits uptake of LDL by macrophages, and increases endogenous NO (vasodilator) release

Question 8

Fibrates

Answer 8

Reduces VLDL & TG & LDL by 10%. Increases HDL levels

Question 9

Low dose aspirin

Answer 9

Inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing risk of thrombus formation

Question 10

Clopidogrel

Answer 10

Inhibits platelet activation and aggregation, reducing risk of thrombus formation

Question 11

Enoxaparin

Answer 11

Decreases thrombin formation, ultimately prevents fibrin clot formation

Question 12

Warfarin

Answer 12

Impacts intrinsic & extrinsic pathways, preventing fibrin formation, ultimately preventing clot formation

Question 13

Fibrinolytics

Answer 13

Increases plasma levels which breaks down thrombus after formation (thrombolysis)

Question 14

Amlodipine

Answer 14

Prevent vascular sm contraction = arterial vasodilation = reduced afterload, TPR, BP, cardiac oxygen consumption

Question 15

Verapamil

Answer 15

-I (reduced force of contraction) -C (reduced rate of contraction) -dromotrope (reduced conduction velocity)

Question 16

Diltiazem

Answer 16

Vasodilation. Reduced force of contraction, reduced rate of contraction, reduced conduction velocity (-I, -C, -D)

Question 17

Nitrates and nitrodilators

Answer 17

Venodilation (reduced preload), vasodilation (reduced afterload), reduced workload and O2 demand of heart. Reduces EDP & EDV = lowering intermural pressure

Question 18

Osmotic diuretic

Answer 18

Decreases Na $ H2P reabsorption in tubules, increasing urinary volume and resulting in decreased BP & BVOL

Question 19

Loop diuretic

Answer 19

Prevents reabsorption of Na+, K+, Cl- $ H2O. Blocks Na+, Ca2+ & Mg2+ paracellular transport

Question 20

Thiazide diuretics

Answer 20

Modest increase in Na+ & H2O excretion

Question 21

Potassium sparing diuretic

Answer 21

Prevent aldosterone from enhancing Na+reabsorption through ENaC and Na+/K+ ATPase. Na+ & H2O loss = decrease BVOL & BP, but K+ retention

Question 22

Sodium channel antagonist

Answer 22

Decreased rate & magnitude of depol during phase 0, decreases conduction velocity

Question 23

Potassium channel antagonist

Answer 23

Prolongs atria & ventricular repol, increasing plateau phase & total duration of AP. Contractility is unchanged or increased

Question 24

Cardiac glycoside

Answer 24

Increase force of contraction, decrease HR