EEOB Midterm Flashcards
Based on Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, in the assessment this term you will be required to ___ the material by doing actions such as.
Analyze - solve a medical problem
Apply - list the key functions of an organ
Understand - paraphrase technical definitions
Remember - contrast the items in a set
Understand - paraphrase technical definitions
Analyze - contrast the items in a set
Apply - solve a medical problem
Remember - list the key functions of an organ
Which is a correct compare/contrast statement about our Critical Equations?
Unlike our Eq. #4, all of our other Equations are reversible
ATP is a product only of our equation #2
Water is found in precisely 2 of them
Both of our Equations #3 and #4 apply to gases only
Water is found in precisely 2 of them
Unlike the others, Equations #1 and #3 are reversible
ATP is a product of our equation #2 and #3
Both of our Equations #3 and #4 apply to gases and liquids
While review his physiology knowledge this morning, Brutus Buckeye correctly recalled that while he sleeps each night, the ____ for his body temperature was decreased due to a(n) ___.
Steady State - biorhythm
Set point - biorhythm
Steady State - environmental change
Set point - environmental change
Set point - biorhythm
From our syllabus, Libby Thompson reviewed the final grade calculation in this course and correctly stated to a friend that
Only eight Weekly Exam grades are included
The midterm is worth 100 points
Only eight scantron completion scores are included
The pretest is worth 25 points
Only eight Weekly Exam grades are included
The midterm is worth 200 points
Only ten scantron completion scores are included
The pretest is worth 5 points
Which is a correct statement about this course?
The course does not have a required textbook
Carmen grades will regularly be accurately calculating your current grade in this course
If OSU closes, we will not have lecture
Your final grade will be based on the truncating of you percentage out of 800 points
The course does not have a required textbook
Carmen grades will eventually be accurately calculating your grade in this course
If OSU closes, we will have online lecture
Your final grade will be based on the rounded percentage out of 800 points
During a comparison of their favorite dog breeds, Phys Phab Sarah chose Chihuahuas while Phys Phab Caley chose Great Danes. Phys Phab Katie correctly pointed out that smaller animals typically have higher heart rates than larger ones. Consequently, Katie correctly stated that ____ favorite dog breed has a higher _____ for their heart rate.
Sarah’s - set point
Sarah’s - equilibrium
Caley’s - set point
Caley’s - equilibrium
Sarah’s - set point
Phys Phab Allison felt ill the day after wearing a big fluffy coat to a snowball fight on the oval. She correctly realized that, for her body temperature
She dressed warmly to remain in set point
She likely did negative feedback
More energy was available for her immune system
Her homeostatic control system was usually active
She likely did negative feedback
She dressed warmly to remain in steady state
Less energy was available for her immune system
Her homeostatic control system was always active
Based on Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, understanding includes the abilities to
Paraphrase and List
Locate and Paraphrase
Duplicate and Locate
Define and Translate
Locate and Paraphrase
Classify, Locate, Translate and Paraphrase
Which is a correct statement about the Party Room?
Appointments are required to attend
It is open every weekday
You can take pictures
It is in 119 Jennings Hall
It is open every weekday
Appointments are never required to attend
You cannot take pictures
It is in 119 Aronoff Lab
Dr. Scarlet obtains two blood samples from Patient X who is an experienced free diver (holds breath while underwater) Sample A was taken before a dive and Sample B was taken after a 5 minute dive. Dr, Scarlet correctly expects that when comparing the analysis of 2 samples
Sample 2 will be more acidic
Sample 2 will have more oxygen
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Sample 2 will be more acidic
Sample 1 will have more oxygen
During a physiology laboratory, you add a large amount of ATP to a typical neuron. Consequently, you correctly expect that this neuron will
Run its critical equation #1 less in the reverse direction
Not have its critical eq #2 be slowed down
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Run its critical equation #1 less in the reverse direction
Have its critical eq #2 be slowed down
Dr. Grays Patient Y regularly takes runs at 0600 each morning. Patient Y is concerned that their fitness tracker has recorded that their heart rate is starting to increase at about 0555. Gr. G correctly tells Patient Y that what the tracker is recording is
An example of feedforward
Not an adjustment of their set point
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
An example of feedforward
Not an adjustment of their set point
Prior to the start of this term , GTA Kristian regularly ate breakfast with his wife at 0900. Now they eat at 1000 when he returns from lecture. Consequently, the analysis of a blood sample from Kristian taken at 0845 last thursday would have shown that
A substrate for his critical equation #2 was below set point
His body was doing feedforward
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
A substrate for his critical equation #2 was below set point
His body was doing feedforward
After reading about our courses resources, your fellow student Carmen correctly pointed out to you that
The lecture slides are posted on Carmen at the end of the week
You are forbidden from making recordings of the lectures
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Neither statement is correct
The lecture slides are available in the Party Room
You are allowed to take recordings of the lectures
When at a basketball game, UGTA Scott watched the equipment manager add air to some balls that visually appeared to be fully inflated. She correctly told the fan sitting next to her that
The volume of the balls was not being changed
The balls’ pressure was increasing
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
The volume of the balls was not being changed
The balls’ pressure was increasing
Your classmate Carmen considers how the viscosity of the water n the extracellular matrix could be increased. They correctly determine that this water would be ___ if more ___ are added in the area.
Thinner - carbohydrate structures
Thinner - fibrous proteins
Thicker - carbohydrate structures
Thicker - fibrous proteins
Thicker - carbohydrate structures
In a conversation with a mascot friend, Brutus Buckeye learned of a son born with polydactyly (more than 5 fingers) who then had the extra digits surgically removed. Brutus correctly stated that, for his fingers, the boy ___ a developmental acclimatization and could have ___ to the additional fingers.
Had - adapted
Did not have - adapted
Had - acclimated
Did not have - acclimated
Had - acclimated
The pericardium is a sac of tissue that surrounds the heart and anchors it to the surrounding body structures. Consequently, you correctly know that the pericardium is from which primary type?
Nervous
Muscle
Connective
Extracellular
Connective
Dr. Scarlets Patient X has been on a self-directed diet that contains virtually no sugar. Dr. S correctly expects the Patient X to begin showing signs of
ATP deficiency
Extracellular matrix build up
Increased interstitial fluid viscosity
Excess energy
ATP deficiency
Extracellular matrix breakdown
Decreased interstitial fluid viscosity
Fatigue
While reviewing his knowledge about growth hormone, Billy Ireland correctly stated that
It has a circadian phase
It has a wider amplitude than urinary potassium
Its measurement should only occur about 1100
Its phase matches cortisol
Its phase matches cortisol
It has a circadian period
It has a narrower amplitude than urinary potassium
After studying the body’s fluid compartments, Libby Thompson correctly stated that ___ is found ____ cells.
Extracellular fluid - within
Intrastitial fluid - surrounding
The largest one - within
The smallest one - in the matrix around the
The largest one - within
Extracellular fluid - surrounding
Interstitial fluid - surrounding
The smallest one - in the blood
Intracellular fluid - within
The mid-sized one - in the matrix around the
Which is a correct statement about biorhythms?
The utilize positive feedforward
They are easily adjustable
Only some of them follow a 24 hour period
Their acclimatization is always reversible
Only some of them follow a 24 hour period
The utilize feedforward
They are not easily adjustable
Their acclimatization is not always reversible
Dr. Gray’s Patient Y presents with high blood pressure. Further testing shows that their blood vessels are not able to expand properly. If due to the extracellular matrix, Dr. G knows that ____ might be deficient.
Elastin
Collagen
Fibronectin
Matrixocytes
Elastin
Which is a correct statement about the indirect intercellular communication?
A neuron can send endocrines
Paracrines travel the furthest
Gap Junctions are shorter than tunneling nanotubes
Paracrines were previously called hormones
A neuron can send endocrines
Endocrines travel the furthest
Endocrines were previously called hormones
While listening to a student explain the set point for body temperature, Phys Phab Alyssa heard the correct statement of this set point
Always being at 98.6
Having a period identical to cortisol
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Having a period identical to cortisol
Sometimes being at 98.6
Which is a correct statement about the indirect intercellular communicators?
Only paracrines and neurotransmitters travel via the fluid between the cells
Only endocrines are able to overcome the limitations of diffusion
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
Only paracrine and neurotransmitters travel via the fluid between the cells
Only endocrines are able to overcome the limitations of diffusion
Phys Phab Gracie has har annual checkup right before coming to lecture last Wednesday morning. When viewing her test results as compared to her last annual done at a noon appointment, she was correctly concerned about the
High cortisol level
High growth hormone
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
High growth hormone
Low cortisol level
During a recent dream, you thought that it was snowing but the snow turned out to be skin flakes. You correctly have realized that the cells in these skin flakes
Have a different genome than the cells in your kidneys
Likely have identical proteomes
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Neither statement is correct
Have the same genome as the cells in your kidneys
Likely do not have identical proteomes
Cell A sends a signal that is received by nearby Cells B, C, and D. Consequently, this signal most likely
Is a neurotransmitter
Moved through the mid-sized fluid compartment
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Moved through the mid-sized fluid compartment
Is a paracrine
Which is a correct statement about the extracellular matrix?
It is primarily created by connective cells called matrixocytes
The sugar structure cause the nearby water to be viscous
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
The sugar structure causes the nearby water to be viscous
It is primarily created by connective cells called fibroblasts
A new fact about Vitamin D is that it enters cells without assistance. Consequently, utilizing all of your Vitamin D knowledge, you know that it is
Lipophobic
An oxidant
Large
Similar to oxygen
Similar to oxygen
Lipophilic
An antioxidant
Small
Phys Phab Zaina asked the students in the Party Room to create a correct statement about bonds associated with cells. One statement she heard was that
Hydrogen bonding typically involves charge differences between hydrogen and carbon
Ionic bonding does not occur
Covalent bonds regularly dissolve in water
Covalent bonding causes the formation of the plasma membrane
Ionic bonding does not occur
Hydrogen bonding typically involves charge differences between hydrogen and oxygen
Covalent bonds do not dissolve in water
Hydrophobic bonding causes the formation of the plasma membrane
Dr. Scarlet is investigating the connection between two of Patient X’s cells. When Dr. S adds blue dye to the cytosol of Cell A and Cell B’s cytosol _____, Dr. S correctly knows that the connection is via _____.
Becomes blue - tight junctions
Remains clear - desmosomes
Remains clear - gap junctions
Becomes blue - the strongest type
Remains clear - desmosomes
Becomes blue - gap junctions
Remains clear - tight junctions
Remains clear- the strongest type
A correct comparison or contrast of glycolysis and the electron transport chain is that
Both occur in the mitochondria
Under anaerobic conditions, both can occur
Compared to glycolysis, the electron transport chain produces significantly more ATP
Only the ETC involves ten enzymatic reactions
Compared to glycolysis, the electron transport chain produces significantly more ATP
Only one occurs in the mitochondria
Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis can occur
Only glycolysis involves ten enzymatic reactions
While doing intense exercising and depleting his available oxygen for his leg muscles, Billy Ireland correctly stated that he is making ATP via
The Krebs Cycle
Their Cytosols
Oxidative phosphorylation
The recycling of FADH2
Their Cytosols
Glycolysis
Substrate level phosphorylation
The recycling of NADH
For a single glucose, glycolysis makes ___ amount of ATP as Krebs Cycle and does so by ___ method.
A different - the same
The same - the same
A different - a different
The same - a different
The same - the same
Utilizing Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy , Brutus Buckeye “remembered” that some junctions are created by ___ and thereby specifically allowing ___ movement.
Claudins - extracellular
Connexins - connexins
Cadherins - extracellular
Coudherins - intracellular
Cadherins - extracellular
Claudins - no extracellular
Connexins - extracellular and intracellular
Which is a correct statement about the cellular metabolic pathways?
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in both the cytosol and the mitochondria
Carbohydrates are the only starting point for energy production
Elevated levels of ADP wll downregulate these pathways
More ATPs are generated due to substrate level phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in both the cytosol and the mitochondria
Carbohydrates are not the only starting point for energy production
Elevated levels of ATP will downregulate these pathways
More ATPs are generated due to oxidative phosphorylation
Unfortunately, Phys Phab Abby is not feeling well. Her well-meaning roommate suggests drinking lots of carrot juice (an excellent Vitamin A source). Abby correctly responds by saying that
Vitamin A is a free radical
She needs to drink less water
She needs to be avoiding antioxidants
That juice will shorten her illness
She needs to be avoiding antioxidants
Vitamin A is an antioxidant/electron donor
She needs to more water
That juice will prolong her illness
While eating a sweet, juicy apple you correctly note that
Each glucose will be broken down in your largest fluid department
Each glucose will cause ATPs to be created by three different methods
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Each glucose will be broken down in your largest fluid department
Each glucose will cause ATPs to be created by two different methods
After viewing a typical plasma membrane under a microscope, Libby Thompson made the observation that
The two layers of tails are situated between hydrophilic heads
Nearly all the peripheral proteins and the glycocalyx were on opposite sides of the membrane
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
The two layers of tails are situated between hydrophilic heads
Nearly all the peripheral proteins and the glycocalyx were on opposite sides of the membrane
Your Phellow Phys classmate Carmen observed two young children in a sandbox when one took a toy away from the other. When considering that toy to be an electron, Carmen correctly stated that
The child who took the toy was an antioxidant
The toy taker was created by glycolysis
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Neither statement is correct
The child who took the toy was a oxidant
The toy taker was not created by glycolysis
Dr. Grays Patient Y has ingested a toxin that has eliminated all free carbohydrates. Consequently, Dr. Gray correctly expects Patient Y’s test results to show that
Glycolysis is not occurring
Substrate level phosphorylation is occurring
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
Glycolysis is not occurring
Substrate level phosphorylation is occurring
Which is a correct statement about the cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
It makes crossing easier
It makes bending more difficult
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
It makes bending more difficult
It makes crossing more difficult
Which is a correct statement about glycolysis?
It only occurs in the cytosol
It can recycle electron carriers
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
It only occurs in the cytosol
It can recycle electron carriers
A beaker with 2 L water, 3 mol AlCl3, 2 mol NaOH and 1 mol NADH has an osmolarity of _ osm.
A. 3
B. 17
C. 6
D. 8.5
8.5
Dr. Scarlet’s patient X was thirsty and drank seawater (i.e., very salty water). Dr. S. quickly realized that the increased level of salts in Patient X’s smallest fluid compartment would make it ___ to the surrounding cells and cause water to ___ those cells.
A. Hypertonic – enter
B. Hypertonic – exit
C. Hypotonic – enter
D. Hypotonic – exit
Hypertonic – exit
Which is a correct statement about active transport?
A. When done via a glucose transporter (GLUT), the glucose will enter the cell.
B. Two ions can be moved against their gradients with a primary active transporter
C. Secondary active transport is directly dependent on ATP
D. The transportee(s) never bind to the transporter
Two ions can be moved against their gradients with a primary active transporter
Secondary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP
The transportee(s) always bind to the transporter
Via carrier-mediated transport, compounds can move __ their gradient and __.
A. With – cost energy
B. Against – cost energy
C. With – have no energy cost
D. All three of those statements are correct about carrier-mediated transport
All three of those statements are correct about carrier-mediated transport
With – cost energy
Against – cost energy
With – have no energy cost
Some immune cells engulf cells (i.e., bring within them) that need to be destroyed. This process occurs via __ and will result in the immune cell becoming __.
A. Endocytosis – smaller
B. Exocytosis – smaller
C. Endocytosis – larger
D. Exocytosis – larger
Endocytosis – smaller
Which is a correct statement about the sodium-potassium-ATPase pump?
A. It moves two sodiums at a time.
B. It is a cotransporter.
C. It starts open to the mid-sized fluid compartment.
D. It impacts the charge distribution.
It impacts the charge distribution.
It moves three sodiums at a time.
It is a countertransporter.
It starts open to the largest fluid compartment.
During Chem Lab, Libby Thompson add 4 mol KCl and 2 mol glucose to 0.5 L water thereby creating a solution with a osmolarity of __ osm.
A. 12
B. 2
C. 10
D. 20
20
In the Party Room, Phys Phab Abby allows a student to utilize the Magic Shrink ray on the “ion” size setting. The student observes a protein that gets bound by a ligand after which chloride ions start entering the cell through the protein. The student correctly states that this protein.
A. Is a ligand-gated transporter.
B. Will not have sodium move through it.
C. Might be both integral and transmembrane.
D. Had the ligand provide the energy for the chloride movement to occur.
Will not have sodium move through it
Is a ligand-gated channel.
Must be both integral and transmembrane.
Which is a correct statement about diffusion?
A. It can occur via channels or transporters.
B. Its rate is indirectly related to surface area.
C. It limits the travel distance for endocrines.
D. It is not what causes water to exit/enter cells.
It can occur via channels or transporters.
Its rate is directly related to surface area.
It limits the travel distance for paracrines
It is what causes water to exit/enter cells.
Billy Ireland draws a compound moving across a membrane with its gradient and no proteins involved. Billy can correctly label this compound as
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Small and hydrophobic
C. Both statements are correct
D. Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
Carbon dioxide
Small and hydrophobic
While in an isotonic solution, Cell A is placed in a solid, mesh sphere that matches Cell A’s current size. Cell A than has 5 mol NaCl added to its cytosol. Which is a correct statement about what will now occur to Cell A?
A. Water will exit Cell A.
B. An osmotic pressure will develop.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
An osmotic pressure will develop.
Water will enter Cell A.
Dr. Gray’s Patient Y ingested a toxin that eliminated all sodium-potassium-ATPase pimps from their digestive epithelial cells. Consequently, Dr. G. correctly realizes that these cells will
A. Have reduced glucose levels.
B. Have reduced potassium levels.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Both statements are correct.
Have reduced glucose levels.
Have reduced potassium levels.
Phellow Phys student Carmen dreams about being a cation and crossing a plasma membrane. Which is a correct scenario for Carmen?
A. Moving by facilitated diffusion, thus with the gradient and through a channel.
B. Having the rate of the diffusion increase when the cation’s gradient is decreased.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Neither statement is correct.
Moving by facilitated diffusion thus with the gradient and through a transporter.
Having the rate of the diffusion increase when the cation’s gradient is increased.
Which is a correct statement about the Glucose Transporter (GLUT)?
A. It is initially open to the cytosol.
B. It is found in only epithelial cells.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Neither statement is correct.
It is initially open to the interstitial fluid.
It is found in most/all cells
Which is a correct statement about diffusion?
A. If the [X] is greater in Area A than in Area B, X will sometimes move to area B
B. In physiology, diffusion will be stopped by a 0 Kelvin temperature
C. Permeability and distance both have direct relationships with diffusion
D. All three statements are correct
If the [X] is greater in Area A than in Area B, X will sometimes move to Area B
Permeability has a direct relationship with the rate of diffusion
Which is a correct statement about myelin?
It covers the dendrites in the brain or spinal cord.
It is created by extensions of the axon’s plasma membrane.
The spaces within each myelinated section are called nodes of Ranvier.
An oligodendrocyte creates more myelinated sections than a Schwann cell.
An oligodendrocyte creates more myelinated sections than a Schwann cell.
It does not cover the dendrites in the brain or spinal cord
It is created by connective cells
The spaces between each myelinated section are called nodes of Ranvier.
The two types of synapses differ in __ with the __ one being the most common type utilized.
A. Speed – slower
B. Speed – two-way
C. Directionally – one-way
D. Directionally – two-way
Speed – slower
Directionally – one-way
While working in the Party Room, Phys Phab Basemah asked a question of the seven students present. If she is the “receptor” for the answer, then, when four of them simultaneously answer the question, they can be an example of
A. Divergence.
B. Antagocytes.
C. Agocytes,
D. Presynaptic neurons.
Presynaptic neurons.
Competitor
Convergence
Dr. Gray’s Patient Y presents with a very painful leg wound. Patient Y’s natural pain suppression pathway is not being sufficiently activated. Consequently, for this pathway, Dr. G. should prescribe an ___ that has a higher ___ than the ligand not being sufficiently produced for this pain suppression pathway.
A. Agonist – specificity
B. Antagonist – Specificity
C. Agonist – affinity
D. Antagonist – affinity
Agonist – affinity
Your classmate Carmen has been prescribed a medication that immediately increases their cell’s permeability for sodium. Consequently, Carmen correctly realized that this medication
A. Is hydrophobic.
B. Binds to intracellular receptors.
C. Requires a plasma binding protein.
D. Is most likely an agonist.
Is most likely an agonist.
Is hydrophilic.
Binds to membrane bound receptors.
Does not require a plasma binding protein
Phys Phab Lilly utilizes the Magic Shrink Ray set to “ion” size setting to watch Cell A release a signal that enters nearby Cell B. She correctly realizes that this signal
A. Is most likely a neurotransmitter.
B. Will sometimes alter the activity of the DNA.
C. Is hydrophilic.
D. Will not bind to an enzyme.
Will not bind to an enzyme.
Is most likely a paracrine
Will always alter the activity of the DNA.
Is lipophilic
To increase the communication pathway for a lipophilic ligand, the system could
A. Have a polar agonist added.
B. Anabolize its intracellular receptors.
C. Exocytose more of its receptors.
D. Decrease the amount of plasma binding proteins.
Anabolize its intracellular receptors.
Have a nonpolar agonist added.
Increase the amount of plasma binding proteins.
For a typical neuron, its most numerous form of receptor is associated with its __ and are __ receptors.
A. Dendrites – intracellular
B. Projectors – membrane- bound
C. Dendrites – membrane-bound
D. Projectors – intracellular
Dendrites – membrane-bound
Processes - membrane bound
In a neurology lab, Libby Thompson viewed under a microscope two neurons with distinctly different appearances. Which is a correct statement that Libby then made about these two neurons?
A. Only one has an axon extending from the cell body.
B. One might be an afferent neuron.
C. Both utilize dendrites to gather information.
D. Both must have at least one part of it within the central nervous system.
Both must have at least one part of it within the central nervous system.
Both have an axon extending from the cell body.
One must be an afferent neuron.
Only one utilizes dendrites to gather information.
Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X has larger than typical sections of unmyelinated axons in their legs, Consequently, Dr. S. needs to focus testing on
A. Oligodendrocytes.
B. Reduced exposure to the mid-sized fluid compartment.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Neither statement is correct.
Schwanns cells
Increased exposure to the mid-sized fluid compartment.
To demonstrate adjusting signal transduction, Billy Ireland wants to utilize drawing vesicle. Which is a correct statement about the actions of a vesicle?
A. Increasing signal transduction could involve exocytosing the vesicles.
B. Adjustments to signal transduction will sometimes involve ligands being within vesicles.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Increasing signal transduction could involve exocytosing the vesicles.
Adjustments to signal transduction will never involve ligands being within vesicles.
The drug memantine acts as an antagonist for serotonin (important neurotransmitter) and is used as an Alzheimer’s treatment. A correct statement about this drug is that it
A. Must block the effects of serotonin.
B. Has a high affinity for the serotonin receptors.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Both statements are correct.
Must block the effects of serotonin.
Has a high affinity for the serotonin receptors.
Brutus Buckeye stood with dozens of other fans outside a local store that was going to have hugely discounted Natty merchandise. When the store opened, all the fans entered at once. Brutus correctly realized that this situation could be thought of as an analogy to
A. Divergence of messages.
B. A chemical synapse.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Neither statement is correct
Convergence of messages.
A bidirectional synapse.
Phys Phab Sydney asked the students in the Party Room to determine tests what the polarity of a ligand is. Which test did she let them know would be able to correctly make a stated determination?
A. If the ligand is an endocrine, then it will require a plasma binding protein and be nonpolar.
B. If its receptors can be endocytosed, then the ligand must be lipophilic.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Neither statement is correct.
If its receptors can be endocytosed, then the ligand must be lipophobic.
When Cell 1 and Cell 2 are placed at a distance X from each other, Cell 2 decreases its proportion of ATP made via substrate level phosphorylation. Which is a correct statement about this scenario?
A. Plasma binding proteins will not be required.
B. Cell 2 might be a postsynaptic cell.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Neither statement is correct.
Cell 2 might be postsynaptic.
Plasma-binding proteins might be required.
When a typical cell at rest has an anion enter it via a voltage-gated channel, the cell will ___. When a typical cell at rest has a cation exit via a ligand-gated channel, the cell will ___.
Hyperpolarize - depolarize
Hyperpolarize - hyperpolarize
Depolarize - depolarize
Depolarize - hyperpolarize
Hyperpolarize - hyperpolarize
Phellow Phys student Carmen generated a correct list of requirements for depolarization to occur in a postsynaptic neuron. Which is a correct statement from that list?
ATP will be used by only the postsynaptic but not the presynaptic
Cholesterol might be present in the presynaptic
Calcium must be readily available in the postsynaptic’s cytosol
The postsynaptic must have membrane-bound receptors available for the neurotransmitter
The postsynaptic must have membrane-bound receptors available for the neurotransmitter
ATP will be used by both the postsynaptic and the presynaptic
Cholesterol must be present in the presynaptic
Calcium must be readily available in the nearby interstitial fluid
Brutus Buckeye is presented with a four neuron system. Cells A and B synapse on Cell C which synapses on Cell D. Both Cells A and C cause large hyperpolarizations. Cell B causes a small depolarization. Consequently, when Brutus Buckeye simultaneously causes action potentials in Cells A and B, The correct expected observation will be
The Vm of cell D to become more negative
Cell C being hyperpolarized
Temporal summation
Cell B’s resting potential is changed
Cell C being hyperpolarized
Spatial summation
Cell B’s resting potential is unchanged
The Vm of cell D to stay the same
Dr. Gray’s Patient Y recently experienced a strong blow to the back of their head. They are now presenting with difficulty standing and remaining upright. Dr. G suspects that their ___ has been damaged.
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Pons
Cerebellum
You decide to apply for an undergraduate research opportunity in a lab working on neuron summations. During the interview, you are asked “What would happen if a hyperpolarizing stimulus and a depolarizing stimulus of identical magnitudes simultaneously impact a neuron?” As you just covered this topic, you are able to correctly tell the interviewer that this neuron will
Be closer to its threshold potential
Remain at resting potential
Likely become depolarized
Be experiencing temporal summation
Remain at resting potential
Likely not become depolarized
Be experiencing spatial summation
Be no closer to its threshold potential
Which is a correct statement associated with the ion gradients in a typical, resting neuron?
An influx of sodium will result in a depolarization
When having an action potential, the actions of potassium are and example of negative feedforward
The actions of SGLT pumps have set them up
An outflux of potassium could initiate a positive feedback process in this neuron
An influx of sodium will result in a depolarization
When having an action potential, the actions of potassium are and example of negative feedback
The actions of Na+/K+-ATPase pumps have set them up
An influx of potassium could initiate a positive feedback process in this neuron
Which is a correct statement about action potentials?
Their unidirectionality can be due to hyperpolarization
As distance increases, bigger ones of them are required to occur
The size of a graded potential that is a threshold potential directly impacts the amount of sodium entry
Due to their differing traits, they are not graded potentials
Their unidirectionality can be due to hyperpolarization
As distance increases, more of them are required to occur
The size of a graded potential that is a threshold potential does not impact the amount of sodium entry
The new roller coaster “Action Potential” is ready to give riders a charge at local fairs this summer. As expected, its shape mimics the graph of an action potential. Consequently, you correctly state that
The coaster’s height from the ground is analogous to the cell’s graded potential
The coaster does not have a subterranean component
At its peak, it will be like shifting from depolarization to hyperpolarization
The coaster ends after a total of two upward and one downward movements
The coaster ends after a total of two upward and one downward movements
The coaster’s height from the ground is analogous to the membrane potential
The coaster does have a subterranean component
At it’s peak, it will be like shifting from depolarization to repolarization
Which is a correct statement about graded potentials?
They are not measured as the voltage across the membrane
They are the potential that makes all other potentials possible
Almost all cells can have them
They are always caused by the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
They are not measured as the voltage across the membrane
They are not the potential that makes all other potentials possible
All cells can have them
They might be caused by the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
Phys Phab Kendal sets the magic shrink ray to “cell” size and views a postsynaptic neuron
Experiencing an action potential due solely to an EPSP
It returning to it’s resting potential due solely to the actions of a hyperpolarization
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Experiencing an action potential due solely to an EPSP
It returning to it’s resting potential due solely to the actions of a repolarization
Which is a correct analogy for saltatory conduction
A tree frog jumping from lily pad to lily pad
A burrowing owl flying in the sky from one tunnel entrance to another
Both analogies are correct
Neither analogy is correct
Neither analogy is correct
A tree frog swimming under the water from lily pad to lily pad
A burrowing owl moving through one tunnel entrance to another
In a laboratory course, Libby Thompson was shown that Neuron 1 communicating with Neuron 2 via the most typical synapse form. An action potential was then observed in Neuron 1 but not Neuron 2. Libby was able to correctly propose that this observation was due to
Neuron 2 having an agonist present
Generation of insufficient spatial summation
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Neither statement is correct
Neuron 2 has an antagonist present
Generation of insufficient temporal summation
Dr. Scarlet’s patient X has a sudden shrinkage of their myelin coverage by 25% of every section. Consequently, Dr. S correctly expects that
The graded potentials first entering a node of Ranvier will now be larger
The amplitudes in the nodes will not be changed
The number of nodes of Ranvier will not be changed
All three statements are correct
All three statements are correct
The graded potentials first entering a node of Ranvier will now be larger
The amplitudes in the nodes will not be changed
The number of nodes of Ranvier will not be changed
Billy Ireland depicts a neuron where the voltage-gated sodium channels have no sodium flow even when open. He correctly shows that this neuron will subsequently
Have it’s voltage gated potassium channels still be able to open
Have graded and action potentials occurring
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Have it’s voltage-gated potassium channels still be able to open
Have graded but not action potentials occurring
Leukodystrophy is a genetic disorder resulting in the atypical development of myelin, mainly in the CNS. Consequently, you correctly know that this disorder will
Impact oligodendrocytes more than Schwann’s cells
Does not alter the structure of any neuron
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
Impact oligodendrocytes more than Schwann’s cells
Does not alter the structure of any neuron
Our ___ receptor design utilizes two cells and has the benefit of ____.
Second - speed
Second - precision
First - speed
First - precision
Second - precision
During a lecture, Phellow Phys student Carmen’s neighbor unexpectedly dropped their metal water bottle. The sudden, loud noise startled Carmen. While recovering from this incident and returning to focusing on the lecture, Carmen correctly realized that
Their thalamus played a role in both the afferent and efferent pathways when startled
Their cardiac output is now increasing
Handing the water bottle back to their neighbor was accomplished by their autonomic nervous system
The initial sensory stimulus likely initiated a larger than typical action potential
Their thalamus played a role in both the afferent and efferent pathways when startled
Their cardiac output is now decreasing
Handing the water bottle back to their neighbor was accomplished by their somatic nervous system
The initial sensory stimulus likely initiated a larger than typical graded potential
While sitting on the Oval on a sunny afternoon, Phys Phab Aashi encountered a situation that caused her pupils to dilate. Which nervous system was directly responsible for this response?
Parasympathetic
Somatic
Efferent
Central
Efferent
Peripheral
Sympathetic
Autonomic
Which is a correct statement about a receptive field
It applies to efferent and afferent neurons
Larger ones do not improve localization or sensitivity
When overlapping, sensitivity is increased
It is composed of dendrites
Larger ones do not improve localization or sensitivity
It applies to only afferent neurons
When overlapping, location is increased
It is not composed of dendrites
The ___ nervous system is a component of the ___ nervous system.
Sympathetic - peripheral
Sympathetic - effectors
Efferent - parasympathetic
Somatic - afferent
Sympathetic - peripheral
Sympathetic - autonomic
Somatic - efferent
The adrenal medulla is ___ neurons that release signals into the ____ fluid compartment
Postganglionic - mid-sized
Preganglionic - mid-sized
Postganglionic - smallest
Preganglionic - smallest
Postganglionic - smallest
The ___ neurons release only one neurotransmitter and their ganglia are closest to the ____.
Parasympathetic - effectors
Sympathetic - effectors
Parasympathetic - spine
Sympathetic - spine
Parasympathetic - effectors
While listening to student’s discuss tradeoffs in the Party Room, Phys Phab Carmella correctly correctly affirmed a student’s statement that for receptor types, ____ seen with our synapses, our ___ type is the least commonly used
Like - faster
Like - slower
Unlike - faster
Unlike - slower
Like - faster
Nerve blockers are utilized during many procedures to prevent the patient from feeling pain while still being able to move the area. Therefore, this form of anesthetic targets the axons associated with the ____ side of the spinal cord and a part of the ____ nervous system.
Ventral - efferent
Dorsal - efferent
Ventral - afferent
Dorsal - afferent
Dorsal - afferent
In their laboratory course, Libby Thompson is testing a spider toxin that prevents the exocytosis of norepinephrine, Libby correctly realizes that a victim of this toxin will have
Some of their preganglionic neuron’s actions diminished
Difficulty getting their bronchioles to contract
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Neither statement is correct
None of their preganglionic neuron’s actions are diminished
Difficulty getting their bronchioles to relax
Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X has ingested a toxin that prevents smooth muscle from contracting. Consequently, when Patient X’s sympathetic nervous system is active, Dr. S correctly expects their
Cardiac output will be increased
Digestion will already be stopped
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Both statements are correct
Cardiac output will be increased
Digestion will already be stopped
Billy Ireland is working on a pictorial history book about the brain with the chapters being arranged from oldest to newest developments. Which is the correct potential chapter sequence?
Brainstem - cerebellum - hypothalamus
Forebrain - thalamus - cerebrum
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Brainstem - cerebellum - hypothalamus
For most people, Stevia will cause them to sense sweetness without glucose being present. This statement is correct because Stevia
Is an antagonist for the glucose chemoreceptors
Causes a new modality to be present
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Neither statement is correct
Is an agonist for the glucose chemoreceptors
The mouth and lips of many grazing animals are utilized to manipulate and explore objects. Consequently, if you got a turn in the Magic Shrink Ray (set to “protein” size), you would correctly expect to observe that the receptors in the mouth and lips of these animals would have
Small receptive fields
No overlap of receptive fields
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Small receptive fields
Overlapping receptive fields
Dr. Gray’s Patient Y is pregnant and is experiencing brain shrinkage that mainly impacts areas of voluntary behavior. Consequently, in further testing, Dr. G expects to see
A decrease in the size of her cerebellar cortex
Decreased nuclei size
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct
Decreased nuclei size
Decrease in the size of her cerebral cortex
