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EENT-quiz Flashcards

1
Q

cornea

A

Each blink of the eye provides tears for what eye structure?

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2
Q

thin

A

Skin over the eyelid is (thick/thin)

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3
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

sphincter-like muscle that closes the eyelid

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4
Q

Meibomian glands

A

glands that secrete sebum onto the eyelid margin

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5
Q

Zeis glands, Moll’s glands

A

2 types of glands that empty into the eyelash follicles

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6
Q

100-150

A

How many eyelashes are there on the upper eyelid?

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7
Q

50-75

A

How many eyelashes are there on the lower eyelid?

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8
Q

5 months

A

lifespan of an eyelash

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9
Q

10 weeks

A

How long does it take for an eyelash to be replaced?

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10
Q

bulbar, tarsal, fornical

A

3 parts of the conjunctiva

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11
Q

bulbar

A

part of the conjunctiva that covers the globe

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12
Q

tarsal

A

part of the conjunctiva that lines the eyelids

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13
Q

fornical

A

part of the conjunctiva in the inferior and superior cul-de-sacs

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14
Q

preauricular, submandicular

A

lymphatic drainage of the eyelid goes into what 2 nodes?

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15
Q

protect the eye, moisten cornea

A

function of the eyelid

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16
Q

CN VII, orbicularis muscle

A

What cranial nerve and muscle are responsible for closing the eye?

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17
Q

CN III, levator muscle

A

What cranial nerve and muscle are responsible for opening the eye?

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18
Q

hordeolum (sty)

A

small painful nodule within a gland in the upper or lower lid; acute inflammation

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19
Q

staph aureus

A

bacterial cause of hordeolum

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20
Q

external hordeolum (sty)

A

inflammation of the glands of Moll or Zeis on the lid margin; immediately adjacent to the edge of the palpebral margin

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21
Q

internal hordeolum (sty)

A

infection of a meibomian gland; deep from the palpebral margin; found inside eyelid

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22
Q

FALSE

A

Hordeolums are contagious. (T/F)

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23
Q

external hordeolum (sty)

A

eye condition that presents with pain and edema of the involved lid; often there is a central area of purulence and surrounding erythema; the area is palpable and may point through the skin at the lash line

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24
Q

warm compress several times a day for 48 hrs

A

treatment for external hordeolum

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25
Q

topical antibiotic

A

treatment for an external hordeolum if there is a secondary infection or if drainage is present

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26
Q

i&d

A

treatment for external hordeolum if it does not resolve on its own

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27
Q

cellulitis

A

monitor external hordeolum for _____________

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28
Q

chalazion

A

another name for an internal hordeolum

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29
Q

chalazion

A

eye condition that involves the obstruction of the meibomian gland; focal inflammation within the eyelid tarsus; firm nodule that is located away from the lid margin

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30
Q

less

A

An internal hordeolum is (less/more) painful than an external hordeolum

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31
Q

warm compresses

A

treatment for chalazion

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32
Q

steroid injection

A

treatment for chalazion that should be considered if the sty is not resolving

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33
Q

refer for excision

A

treatment for chalazion if nodule is large or lasts more than 1 month

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34
Q

biopsied (risk of cancer)

A

Recurrent chalazion should be ___________

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35
Q

inflammation of lid margins

A

blepharitis

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36
Q

men

A

Blepharitis is common, esp. in (men/women)

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37
Q

anterior, allergic, posterior

A

3 type sof blepharitis

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38
Q

blepharitis

A

presents with irritation, burning, with red rims and eyelash adherence; dandruff-like deposits and fibrous scales may be seen; conjunctiva is clear to slightly red

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39
Q

rosacea

A

blepharitis can be seen with what skin condition?

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40
Q

scrub lid margins with cotton-tip applicator and baby shampoo; topical antibiotics if infection is present or lid scrubs are ineffective

A

treatment for blepharitis

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41
Q

seborrhea, staph or strep, meibomian gland dysfunction

A

2 causes of blepharitis

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42
Q

anterior blepharitis

A

eye condition that presents with itching of lid margins, usually bilateral; usually staph that colonized lash bases that secrete toxins causing red eye and corneal infiltrates; can lead to sty formation

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43
Q

hygiene, antibiotics if persistent

A

treatment for anterior blepharitis

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44
Q

allergic blepharitis

A

eye condition caused by an ocular allergy; presents with itching, lid edema, mucoid discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, burning, lacrimation, and conjunctival edema

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45
Q

cool compresses, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizer, control of allergen

A

treatment for allergic blepharitis

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46
Q

posterior blepharitis

A

infection on inside of lid; infection of oil secreting meibomian glands leads to obstruction and swelling causing a chalazion

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47
Q

hygiene

A

treatment for posterior blepharitis

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48
Q

orbital cellulitis

A

eye condition that causes eyelid swelling, can lead to blindness, cranial nerve palsies, or brain abscesses; life threatening condition

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49
Q

children

A

orbital cellulitis is more common in (children/adults)

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50
Q

sinuses, dental, facial, globe, eyelid, lacrimal

A

there are several causes of orbital cellulitis including infection of what things?

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51
Q

h, influenza, s. pneumoniae

A

causative organisms of orbital cellulitis in children <4 y/o

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52
Q

staph

A

causative organism of orbital cellulitis in older people

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53
Q

molluscum contagiosum, warts, herpes

A

common viral infections of the eye

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54
Q

crabs, mites, fly larvae

A

3 parasitic infections of the eye that causes inflammation

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55
Q

entropion

A

condition of the eyelid being flipped in; irritates structures of eye (risk of corneal abrasion)

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56
Q

ectroption

A

condition of the eyelid being flipped out; conjunctiva is exposed

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57
Q

blepharoptosis

A

droopy eyelid syndrome of upper lid

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58
Q

assess status of cornea to determine urgency, lubricate the eye, antibiotics for inflammation, warm compresses, surgery

A

treatment for eyelid/lash malpositions

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59
Q

more

A

Outer eye (cornea and sclera) and supporting structures are (more/less) sensitive than the inner eye (retina)

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60
Q

assessing severity and referring sight-threatening injuries

A

first priority when evaluating a traumatized eye

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61
Q

globe

A

high velocity injury to the eye may lead to penetration of the ________

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62
Q

blowout fracture

A

a blunt trauma injury may cause a ________ __________

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63
Q

rim

A

an injury from a larger sized object will affect the _____ of the eye

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64
Q

globe

A

an injury from a smaller sized object will affect the _______ of the eye

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65
Q

zygomatic arch

A

forms the lateral and inferior portion of the orbit

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66
Q

TRUE

A

patients with a zygomatic fracture may have pain opening their mouth (T/F)

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67
Q

water;s view and jug-handle view x-rays, CT if suspected more than zygomatic fracture

A

diagnostic tests to determine a zygomatic fracture

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68
Q

entrapment of eye muscles

A

why may a patient with a zygotmatic fracture have gaze impairment?

69
Q

immediate referral

A

treatment of zygomatic fracture

70
Q

maxillary, palatine, zygomatic

A

what bones compose the orbital floor?

71
Q

blow-out fracture

A

fracture that presents with misalignment and swelling; movement of globe is restricted; often inability to look upward; diplopia and exophthalmos

72
Q

referral to ophthalmologist, avoid pressure increase, nasal decongestant, ice pack, antibiotics

A

treatment for blow-out fracture

73
Q

subconjunctival hemorrhage

A

eye condition caused spontaneously or by blunt trauma; bright red blood under conjunctiva; iris and pupil not involved

74
Q

12 mm

A

How long it the cornea across?

75
Q

<1mm

A

How thick is the cornea?

76
Q

Bowman’s, stroma, epithelium, Descemet’s membrane, endothelium

A

5 layers of the cornea

77
Q

FALSE

A

The cornea has a blood supply (T/F)

78
Q

check visual acuity, anesthetize, every lids, fluorescein, antibiotic drops/ointment, check daily

A

treatment for corneal abrasion

79
Q

cornea

A

If a patient has a foreign body in their eye and they are experiencing blurred vision, it suggests what structure is involved?

80
Q

FALSE

A

If a patient has a foreign body in their eye and there is a penetrating injury, you should refer immediately and attempt to remove the body (T/F)

81
Q

visual acuity

A

When a patient has a foreign body in their eye, you always need to test what?

82
Q

slit lamp or hand held lamp

A

What should you use to look at foreign bodies in patients’ eyes?

83
Q

use irrigation or cotton tip applicator to remove, follow daily until resolved, patching (controversial)

A

treatment for foreign body in the eye

84
Q

rust ring on cornea

A

indication of a metallic foreign body

85
Q

removal with rotating burr or referral

A

treatment for a metallic foreign body in eye

86
Q

welding without eyewear, snow blindness, indoor sunlamp

A

3 typical causes of acute UV radiation injury

87
Q

acute UV radiation injury

A

eye condition characterized by pain, photophobia, excessive tearing, blurred vision; occurs 6-12 hours after exposure

88
Q

acetamenophin (for pain), consider antibiotic 2-3 times a day, patching for 24 hours, re-evaluate next day

A

treatment for acute UV radiation injury

89
Q

refer

A

What should you do if a patient with an acute UV radiation injury does not improve after you re-evaluate the next day?

90
Q

irrigate

A

key in treatment for a chemical injury to the eye

91
Q

water or normal saline, at least 30 min

A

What should you flush a chemical injury out with? for how long?

92
Q

chemical injury

A

eye injury presenting with pain, blurred vision, and blepharospasm; ranges from mild to severe; cornea can be hazy to edematous and opaque, conjunctiva may be injected to white with a loss of vasculature

93
Q

TRUE

A

A patient with a chemical eye injury should be transported to the ER and referred to an ophthalmologist. (T/F)

94
Q

FALSE

A

Acid chemically injuries are generally worse than alkali. (T/F)

95
Q

acid

A

(acid/alkali) is precipitated and inactivated by tissue protein it destroys (for chemical injury)

96
Q

alkali

A

(acid/alkali) soponifies collagen and damages underlying tissue (for chemical injury)

97
Q

irrigation, test pH of tears, fluorescein stain to assess damage, daily exam to assess damage and follow healing, topical antibiotics or antibiotic/steroid combo considered

A

treatment for chemical injury

98
Q

TRUE

A

A chemical eye injury is an ophthalmic emergency. (T/F)

99
Q

thermal injury

A

caused by exposure to heat; presents with pain, foreign body sensation, excessive tearing, decreased vision and visual acuity; conjunctiva is injected, cornea whitened

100
Q

antibiotic drops, patching, referral

A

treatment for thermal injury

101
Q

glue injury

A

presents as eyelids shut with injected conjunctiva; foreign body sensation

102
Q

warm compress, warm topical antibiotic ointment, artificial tears, gentle massage

A

treatment for glue injury

103
Q

3-4 days

A

How long should you wait to refer to an ophthalmologist for a glue eye injury if it has not resolved?

104
Q

eyelids

A

has the thinnest skin of the body

105
Q

if changes occur, bothersome

A

under what 2 conditions can you remove nevi on the eyelids?

106
Q

lentigo senilis

A

eyelid neoplasm that resembles seborrheic keratosis

107
Q

seborrheic keratosis

A

benign epithelial neoplasm that can occur on the eyelid

108
Q

actinic keratosis

A

precancerous epithelial neoplasm that can occur on the eyelid

109
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common type of skin cancer; slow growing; noduloulcerative, pigmented, sclerosing, superficial

110
Q

biopsy, excise, Moh’s, radiation

A

treatment for BCC

111
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

2nd most common type of skin cancer; fast growing; elevated, firm plaque or nodule, ulcerates, irregular borders; local spread and may metastasize to lymph nodes

112
Q

biopsy, wide excision

A

treatment for SCC

113
Q

sebaceous neoplasms

A

carcinomas arising from meibomian gland

114
Q

sebaceous neoplasms

A

third most common malignancy of the eye

115
Q

sebaceous neoplasm

A

eyelid neoplasm whose presentation varies-appears like a chalazion as a small firm nodule, diffuse plaque-like tarsal thickening or papillomatous growth

116
Q

excision, biopsy

A

treatment for sebaceous neoplasm

117
Q

capillary hemangioma, nevus flammeus, pyogenic granuloma

A

3 vascular skin lesions of the eye

118
Q

hidrocystoma, pilosebaceous cyst

A

2 cystic skin lesions of the eye

119
Q

hidrocystoma

A

retention cyst of the apocrine or eccrine sweat glands

120
Q

FALSE

A

The lacrimal system secretes tears all of the time, including during sleep. (T/F)

121
Q

FALSE

A

Eyelids close lateral to medial. (T/F)

122
Q

medial canthus

A

Eyelids close and milk tears toward what structure?

123
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

The lacrimal sac empties under the inferior turbinate into the nose through what structure?

124
Q

TRUE

A

The nasolacrimal duct’s inferior end is not open at birth. (T/F)

125
Q

tears

A

supply nutrients, antibacterial substances, flushing microorganisms, and lubricates the eyes

126
Q

meibomian sebaceous glands, lacrimal gland, conjunctival goblets

A

The lacrimal system has 3 layers: ___________ ___________ _________ in the outer layer, ___________ ________ in the middle layer, and _______________ _____________ in the inner layer.

127
Q

trigeminal

A

tearing is stimulated by the first division of what cranial nerve?

128
Q

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

dry eye

129
Q

alacrima

A

dry eye syndrome; absence of tears

130
Q

keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye)

A

eye condition that is seen often from systemic disease (frequently connective tissue disease) or medications

131
Q

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

eye condition that presents as complaints of gritty, foreign body sensation, burning, photophobia, and a decreased visual acuity

132
Q

avoid irritants, artificial tears, lubricating ointment, steroid drops

A

initial treatment for keratoconjunctivitis sicca

133
Q

cyclosporine

A

2nd or 3rd line treatment for keratoconjunctivitis sicca

134
Q

primary Sjogren’s syndrome

A

keratoconjunctivitis sicca plus xerostomia is classified as what condition?

135
Q

secondary Sjogren’s syndrome

A

keratoconjunctivitis sicca pluse xerostomia and connective tissue disease is classified as what condition?

136
Q

epiphoria

A

excessive tearing; overflow of tears onto the cheeks; “crocodile tears”

137
Q

salivary and lacrimal

A

epiphoria is caused by an abnormal linkage of what 2 kinds of glands?

138
Q

salivation

A

In epiphoria, _________ produces lacrimation

139
Q

dacryocystorhinostomy or outpatient with local anesthetic

A

treatment for epiphoria

140
Q

dacryocystorhinostomy

A

drainage hole in the lacrimal duct; a treatment for epiphoria

141
Q

dacroystenosis

A

eye condition common in newborn after the first month of life; occurs when the lacrimal duct does not open

142
Q

TRUE

A

Dacryostenosis usually resolve within 9 months. (T/F)

143
Q

warm compresses, surgical probe if no resolution

A

treatment for dacryostenosis

144
Q

dacryocystitis

A

inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by obstruction

145
Q

staph aureus, hemolytic strep, staph epidermis, candida

A

4 common pathogens in dacryocystitis

146
Q

dacryocystitis

A

eye condition that presents with revealing pain, swelling, tenderness, redness, and purulent discharge

147
Q

warm compresses, antibiotics

A

treatment for dacroycystitis

148
Q

TRUE

A

Orbital structural defects, atrophies, degenerations, deposits, and tumors are uncommon and should be referred to an ophthalmologist. (T/F)

149
Q

orbit

A

bony socket containing globe, EOM muscles (sensory, motor, autonomic nerves), blood vessels, and lacrimal gland, all packed in fat

150
Q

later

A

orbital neoplasms typically occur (early/later) in life

151
Q

increases

A

Structural and degenerative disease prevalence of the orbit (increases/decreases) with age

152
Q

orbital cellulitis

A

condition that usually comes from the sinuses; threatens vision and life; can also come from face, teeth, meninges, ear, or eye; can spread causing cavernous sinus thrombosis, intracranial abscess, or temporal is fossa abscess; emergent

153
Q

preseptal

A

tissue of eyelids and periocular region anterior to the orbital septum

154
Q

preseptal cellulitis

A

condition common in children; presents with pain, lid swelling, chemosis, and fever

155
Q

strep, h, influenzae, s, aureus

A

causitive organisms in preseptal cellulitis

156
Q

leukocytosis in preseptal, consider imaging if concern for orbital cellulitis

A

diagnostics for preseptal cellulitis

157
Q

oral antibiotic, compresses

A

treatment for preseptal cellulitis

158
Q

thyroid

A

exophthalmos, decreased eye movement, lid swelling, and conjunctival injection is a presentation of ophthalmopathy associated with _______

159
Q

thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

A

common cause of unilateral or bilateral proptosis; muscles of eye swell and push globe forward; possible tether of the levitator and rectus muscles and squeezing the optic nerve

160
Q

support, treat thyroid condition, lubricants, surgery

A

treatment for thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

161
Q

neuroblastoma

A

condition of metastatic orbital tumor in children (90% <5 y/o); often with bilateral proptosis, raccoon eye, lid ecchymosis; may have associated abdominal or thoracic mass

162
Q

breast carcinoma

A

most common orbital metastasis in adults

163
Q

anophthalmic socket

A

condition of no globe-absent from birth or removed

164
Q

symmetry with remaining eye, matching shape, color, and movement

A

goal of socket rehabilitation

165
Q

ophthalmologist and ocularist

A

you should refer an anophthalmic socket to what 2 specialists?

166
Q

FALSE

A

There is usually a place for an artificial eye if a patient has congenital anophthalmic socket, because lid and socket are large. (T/F)

167
Q

annually

A

How often should a prosthetic eye be removed, irrigated, and cleaned by an ocualrist?

168
Q

8-Jul

A

An ocularist should consider a new prosthetic eye how often?

!! (18 decks)

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