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Cardioooo Flashcards

1
Q

What occupies most of the anterior cardiac surface

A

right ventricle

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2
Q

What does the right ventricle and pulmonary artery form

A

wedge-like structure behind and to the left of the sternum

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3
Q

Where does the inferior border of the right ventricle lie

A

below the junction of the sternum and the xiphoid process

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4
Q

Where is the right ventricle located

A

narrows superiorly

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5
Q

Where is the left ventricle located

A

behind the right ventricle and to the left

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6
Q

Where is the PMI located

A

found in the 5th interspace lateral to the midsternal line

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7
Q

What is a PMI >2.5 evident of?

A

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

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8
Q

In patients with COPD where can the PMI be located

A

xiphoid or epigastric area as a result of right ventricular hypertrophy

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9
Q

Where is the aorta located

A

curves upward from the left ventricle to level of sternal angle

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10
Q

Where is S1 and S2 produced

A

S1 - closure of mitral valve

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11
Q

What 2 discernible components do you hear from S2

A

A2 - aortic valve closure

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12
Q

Of the two components of S2 which is louder and why

A

A2 louder

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13
Q

When is S3 produced

A

abrupt deceleration of inflow across the mitral valve

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14
Q

When is S4 produced

A

increased left ventricular and diastolic stiffness which decrease compliance

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15
Q

Which side usually occurs first the right side or left side

A

Left side occurs lightly earlier

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16
Q

Why does the right side occur slight later

A

due to inspiration and increase in right ventricular stroke volume

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17
Q

Of the two components of S2 which is lower and where is it located

A

P2 is softer - the lower pressure of pulmonary artery

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18
Q

What are heart murmurs

A

turbulent blood flow

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19
Q

What types of diseases can cause heart murmurs

A

stenotic valve

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20
Q

What are types of murmurs and where are they usually heard

A

mitral valve - at or around the apex of heart

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21
Q

Review of conduction system

A

P wave ->atrial depolarization

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22
Q

What is Cardiac Output

A

volume of blood ejected from each ventricle in 1 min

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23
Q

What is Stroke volume

A

blood ejected with each heartbeat

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24
Q

What is Preload

A

load that stretches cardiac muscle

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25
What increases preload
increase of venous return to heart
26
What decreases preload
exhalation
27
What is Myocardial Contractility
increases when stimulated from Sympathetic Nervous system
28
What is Afterload
degree of vascular resistance to ventricular contraction
29
What are the main sources of Afterload
walls of aorta
30
What is Jugular Venous Pressure
reflects right atrial pressure
31
What causes jugular venous pulsations
changing pressures in the right atrium during diastole and systole
32
Where is the apical impulse heard the best
children
33
At what point does the Apical Impulse start to become harder to find
as the chest deepens in its anteroposterior diameter
34
Is the splitting of S2 hard to hear in older people and if so, why?
Yes
35
Where is a jugular venous hum heard?
common in children
36
When assessing cardiac symptoms what should you quantify
the patients baseline level of activity
37
What is the most common symptom of Coronary Heart disease
CHEST PAIN
38
What are the symptoms that make up Angina Pectoris
exertional pain
39
what are symptoms of Acute Aortic Dissection
anterior chest pain
40
What are palpitations
unpleasant awareness of the heartbeat
41
What is Afib
Irregularly irregular
42
What are premature contractions
transient skips and flip-flops
43
What is Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
rapid regular beating of sudden onset and offset
44
What is Sinus Tachycardia
rapid regular rate of < 120 beats/min, especially if starting or stopping more gradually
45
What can Shortness of Breath represent
Dyspnea
46
What is dyspnea
uncomfortable awareness of breathing
47
What is orthopnea
SOB occurs when a patient is lying down
48
What is PND
episodes of sudden dyspnea and orthopnea
49
What can PND be a cause of
left ventricular hear failure
50
What is edema
excessive fluid in extravascular interstitial space
51
What is dependent edema
appears in the lowest body parts
52
What are some causes of dependent edema
heart failure
53
What two diseases are most popular with edema
nephrotic syndrome
54
How do you screen for Cardiovascular Risk factors
screen for Global risk factors
55
What are the risk factors for Cardiovascular disease
hypertension
56
What characteristics constitute high risk for Women 2011
>1 high risk states which include
57
What are the major risk factors that would make a woman at risk for Cardiovascular disease
smoking
58
What diseases make a woman at risk for Cardiovascular disease
subclinical atherosclerosis
59
What are the ideal characteristic for someone to AVOID cardiovascular disease
TC <200
60
Which risk factors should be screened with frequency at each drs visit
cigarette smoking
61
What are the goals of those same risk factors
Smoking - Quit
62
What is the screening frequency for someone with dyslipidemia
Every 5 years if low risk
63
What is the screening frequency for someone with Diabetes
Every three years beginning at 45
64
What is the A1C for patients with diabetics
HgA1C >6.5%
65
When should pulse be checked and what is the goal
check at each visit
66
Classification and Management of Blood Pressure for Adults
Normal: <120/80
67
What is the screening criteria for healthy adults with no risk factors
begin at age 45
68
What patients need to be screened regularly for diabetes
Adults with a BMI >25
69
What are other characteristics for adults make them necessary for screening for diabetes
HDL cholesterol 250
70
What is the diagnostic criteria for Diabetes and Prediabetes
A1C >6.5% for Diabetic & 5.7%-6.4% for Pre-Diabetes
71
What is ATP III Guidelines: 10 Year risk and LDL goals for someone that is in the high risk category (>20%)
LDL goal (<100)
72
What is ATP III Guidelines: 10 Year risk and LDL goals for someone that is in the moderately high risk category (10-20%)
LDL goal <130
73
What is ATP III Guidelines: 10 Year risk and LDL goals for someone that is in the moderate risk category (<10%)
LDL goal <130
74
What is ATP III Guidelines: 10 Year risk and LDL goals for someone that is in the lower risk category (0-1 risk factor)
LDL goal < 160
75
what is the metabolic syndrome: 2009 Diagnostic Criteria(Must meet 3 or more of 5)
Waist: Men >102cm & women >88cm
76
Lifestyle Modifications to Prevent or Manage Hypertension
Optimal weight or BMI of 18.5-24.9
77
Promoting Lifestyle changes and risk factor modifications
Promote CH health is a priority for HP 2020
78
what are the healthy fats high in
Monounsaturated (almonds, pecans, peanuts)
79
What are unhealthy fats
foods high in cholesterol (dairy products, egg yolks, liver & organ meats)
80
What are Rhythms that are of Normal rate
NSR (60-100)
81
what rhythms are fast (over 100)
Sinus tachycardia (100-180)
82
What rhythms are slow (under 60)
Sinus brady (<60)
83
What is Sporadic Sinus Arrhythmia
heart varies cyclically
84
What is atrial or Nodal Premature contractions
beat from atrium or node comes earlier
85
what is ventricular premature beats
ventricular beat comes early
86
What is atrial fibrillation and Atrial Flutter with varying AV block
ventricular rhythm is totally irregular
87
What are the abnormalities of the Arterial pulse and pressure waves
normal
88
what is a normal pulse
30-40mmHg
89
what are small, weak pulses
lower pulse pressure
90
What are the causes of small weak pulses
decreased stroke volume
91
What are large, bounding pulses
increased pressure and feels strong
92
What are the causes of large, bounding pulses
increased stroke volume
93
What is Bisferiens Pulse
increased arterial pulse with a double systolic peak
94
What are the causes of Bisferiens pulse
aortic regurgitation
95
What is pulsus alternans
pulse alternates in amp from beat to beat
96
What are the causes of Pulsus Alternans
caused by left ventricular failure
97
What is a Bigeminal Pulse
mimic pulsus alternans
98
What is a paradoxical pulse
decreased pulse amp on quiet inspiration
99
what are the causes of Paradoxical pulse
pericardial tamponade
100
What is the Left Ventricular Point of Max Impulse
due to apex of heart moving up against chest wall during contraction
101
what is a Normal LV PMI
discreet diameter less than equal to 2cm
102
What is hyperkinetic ventricular impulse
transiently increased stoke volume
103
What are two other characteristics of hyperkinetic ventricular impulse
2cm but increased am can make it seem bigger
104
What is pressure overload
leads to ventricular hypertrophy
105
What is volume overload left ventricular impulse
leads to ventricular dilation
106
What is hyperkinetic right ventricular impulse
anxiety, hyperparathyroid, anemia
107
What is pressure overload right ventricular impulse
pulmonic stenosis, pulm HTN
108
What is volume overload right ventricular impulse
atrial septal defect
109
What are the characteristics for normal variation in S1
softer than S2 at base (2nd interspace)
110
What is accentuated S1 sound?
mitral valve still open wide at onset of ventricular systole
111
What are examples of accentuated S1 sounds
Tachycardia
112
What is diminished S1 sound
1st degree heart block
113
What is varying S1
mitral valve is in varying position before being shut by ventricular contraction
114
What is Split S1
normal along lower left sternum

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