EENT Flashcards
▪ delicate sensory
organs equipped with many
extraocular and intraocular
structures.
▪ Some structures are easily
visible, whereas others can only
be viewed with special instruments
such as your opthalmoscope.
EYES
- transmits visual stimuli
to the brain for interpretation. - The organ of VISION.
eye
- The is located in the eye
orbit, a round, bony hollow formed by several different bones of the skull.
eyeball
The ___________ AND _________ protect the eyeball.
bony orbit and fat cushion
- , a cushion of fat surrounds the eye.
orbit
EXTRAOCULAR STRUCTURES
▪EYELIDS
▪EYE LASHES
▪CONJUNCTIVA
▪LACRIMAL APPARATUS
— small, fleshy mass that contains sebaceous glands
Caruncle
— movable structures composed of skin and muscle.
— the lateral (outer) canthus and medial (inner) canthus.
Purpose:
Protect the eye from foreign bodies
Limit amount of light entering the eye
Distribute tears that lubricate surface of the eye
Eyelids (Upper and Lower)
The white space between open eyelids is called the
palpebral fissure.
— two small openings that allow drainage of tears into the lacrimal system
Puncta
— thin, transparent, continuous membrane
Conjunctiva
— covers most of the anterior eye
Bulbar conjunctiva
— hair curving outward. It filters dust and dirt from air entering the eye.
Eyelashes
— located in the upper outer corner of the orbital cavity just above the eye, produces tears.
Lacrimal gland
— lines the inside of the eyelids
— It allows for inspection of underlying tissue and protects the eye from foreign bodies.
Palpebral conjunctiva
— “window of the eye”; permits the entrance of light; corneal reflex
Cornea
6 different directions of eye movement.
SUPERIOR RECTUS
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
LATERAL RECTUS
INFERIOR OBLIQUE
INFERIOR RECTUS
MEDIAL RECTUS
INTRAOCULAR STRUCTURES
▪Sclera
▪Cornea
▪Iris
▪Pupil
▪Lens
▪Choroid
▪Retina
▪Optic disc
▪Retinal vessels
— white covering that supports the internal structures of the eye
Sclera
— biconvex, transparent; refract light rays to retina
Lens
— containing pigments that determine eye color
Iris
— decrease size = near vision and dilate when far vision is needed
Pupil
— vascularity necessary to provide nourishment
Choroid
— innermost layer; receives visual stimuli & sends to brain; rods (b&w) & cones (color)
Retina
TYPES OF SNELLEN CHART
Snellen Alphabet Chart
Snellen E Chart “Tumbling E”
— can be viewed with the aid of an ophthalmoscope
Retinal vessels
Diplopia
(double vision)
- EVERTED EYELASHES
(ECTROPION)
— where the optic nerve enters the eyeball; use an ophthalmoscope
Optic disc
-INVERTED EYELASHES
(ENTROPION)
Photophobia
(Light sensitivity)
▪are used to test distance vision
and measure visual acuity
SNELLEN CHART
—normal vision for children age 3
and younger
20/50
▪is a color perception test for
red-green color deficiencies
▪It was named after its designer, Shinobu Ishihara, a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917.
ISHIHARA TEST
— normal vision for children age 5
20/30
— normal vision for children age 4
20/40
▪is an eye chart used in testing
near vision acuity. It is a card
on which paragraphs of text are
printed, with the text sizes
increasing from 0.37 mm to 2.5
mm.
▪12 – 14 inches
For clients over 40 years of age.
Decreased accommodation = move the card or newspaper further away to see it
JAEGERS CARD
— normal vision for adults and
children age 6 and older.
▪20/20
▪is used to evaluate near-vision.
This small, handheld card has a
series of numbers, E’s, X’s, and O’s
in graduated sizes.
▪14 inches (35.6cm)
▪It was developed by Dr. J.
George Rosenbaum of Cleveland,
Ohio, for testing vision at the
bedside of patients after cataract
surgery
ROSENBAUM CARD
▪Done at a distance of 3 meters /15 feet
▪Consist of a set of seven card with each card containing a single picture
▪Usually used for 2 years old child and older
▪The child is first shown cards at
close range with both eyes open
and is asked to name each picture
ALLEN CARD TEST
also known as corneal arcus, a grayish or white arc or ring around the cornea of the eye.
Arcus Sénilis
- is the inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane that lines your eyelid and eyeball
Conjunctivitis
– reason enough to perform a hemoglobin determination
Conjunctival pallor
- tiny blood vessel breaks (conjunctiva)
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
▪is the clear outer layer at the front of the eye.
▪helps your eye to focus light so you can see clearly.
CORNEA
Growth or thickening of conjunctiva from inner canthal area toward iris
Pterygium or pinguecula
- the white outer layer of the eyeball.
SCLERA
types of strabismus
- esotropia
- exotropia
- hypotropia
- hypertropia
- benign & painless. It looks like
a skin tag and can be solitary or multiple, smooth or rough and
is similar in color to adjacent skin
Papilloma
- inflammation of the episclera
Diffuse Episcleritis
- used to screen for abnormalities of the back of the eye (posterior
segment) and opacities in the visual axis, such as a cataract or corneal opacity.
RED REFLEX TEST
Eyes are not lined up properly and they point in different directions.
STRABISMUS
- osteogenesis imperfecta
Bluish Sclera
- at the limbus; due to elevated bilirubin (jaundice)
Icteric sclera
▪are the dark-colored openings
at the center of your eyes that
let light in
▪2 to 4 mm in diameter in bright light
▪4 to 8 mm in the dark
* Normal range is 3 – 5 mm in
adults (usually 3mm)
PUPIL
PUPIL ASSESSMENT
PUPIL
EQUAL
ROUND
RESPONSIVE
LIGHT REFLEX
ACCOMMODATION
ENLARGED PUPILS
Mydriasis
CONSTRICTED PUPILS
Miosis
UNEQUAL PUPILS
Anisocoria
(misaligned eye) o squint; deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome
Strabismus
— involuntary rapid movement (horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed) of the eyeball
Nystagmus
in the external ear canal secrete cerumen
Modified sweat glands
TYPES OF NYSTAGMUS
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
TORSIONAL (ROTARY)
— position and head movements to maintain equilibrium
Vestibule + Semicircular canals
— spiral organ of Corti, sensory organ for hearing
Inner Cochlear Duct
— transmits sounds from eardrum to inner ear
MALLEUS
INCUS
STAPES
OUTER EAR
AURICLE / PINNA
EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
—is formed by the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates,
uvula, and the tongue and its muscles. 32 permanent teeth for adults.
mouth—or oral cavity
OSSICLES OF MIDDLE EAR
MALLEUS
INCUS
STAPES
INNER EAR
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
COCHLEA
VESTIBULE
lateralization of sound to poor
ear
Conductive hearing loss
sound heard good ear
Sensorineural hearing loss
Air conduction is greater
than Bone Conduction
RINNE’S TEST
Ask the client to stand with feet together, arms at sides, and eyes
open, then with the eyes closed.
ROMBERG’S
TEST
Native Americans and Asians may have a
split (or bifid) uvula
— smile, show
teeth, close eyes tightly and puff
cheeks
Facial expression
FACIAL NERVE (CN VII)
Sensation of pharynx and larynx;
swallowing; vocal cord movement
“AH”
ASSESSED WITH CN IX
VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
Swallowing ability, tongue movement, taste (posterior tongue).
Apply tastes on posterior tongue for identification.
Ask client to move tongue from side to side and up and down.
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVE (CN IX)
Tongue movement
Ask client to protrude tongue at midline,
then move it side to side
HYPOGLOSSAL
NERVE (CN XII)
NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT!!!!!!!!!!!????????????
NEVER GIVE UPPPPPP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
