EEG

Question 1

How early can the driving response be seen?

Answer 1

3-4 months

Question 2

Photo driving is best seen at what flash frequency in children 3-5 years?

Answer 2

Below 8 Hertz

Question 3

What flash frequency is best seen in children 6-12 years?

Answer 3

6-16 Hz

Question 4

Photo paroxysmal response is more likely to occur in school age children or adolescents?

Answer 4

School age children- including normal children

Question 5

Can healthy adolescents exhibit photomyoclonic and photic convulsive responses?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

At what age do vertex waves and K-complexes appear?

Answer 6

5 months

Question 7

Early ages of vertex waves can be located?

Answer 7

Frontally

Question 8

What is another name for frontal vertex waves?

Answer 8

F-waves

Question 9

In school-ages children can vertex waves be asymmetrical?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

What are frontal arousal rhythm?

Answer 10

Prolonged rhythmic sharp or spiky activity over the midline frontal region that can be seen in children 2-4 years

Question 11

What is SREDA?

Answer 11

Seen in older adults, location is in the temporoparietal region, sharply contoured theta frequency, occurs at rest, drowsiness or HV.

Question 12

Burst suppression pattern can be seen in two generalized states?

Answer 12

Brain inactivation ((general anesthesia, coma, hypothermia) and severe brain injury (anoxic/hypoxia, infantile encephalitis)

Question 13

What is the bio marker of the epileptogenic zone?

Answer 13

Pathological high-frequency oscillations

Question 14

Do EEG findings of spikes, slowing, or attenuation localize to the epileptogenic zone?

Answer 14

Does not localize consistently

Question 15

What are delta brushes?

Answer 15

Normal feature in preterm babies less than 37 weeks gestation

Question 16

When do delta brushes first appear?

Answer 16

At about 26weeks conceptual age

Question 17

Prior to 32weeks how frequency is the fast component?

Answer 17

18 - 22 Hz

Question 18

After 32weeks what is the frequency of the fast component of the delta brush?

Answer 18

8 - 12 Hz

Question 19

Before 32 weeks where is the delta brush located?

Answer 19

Central regions

Question 20

After 32 weeks delta brushes are located where?

Answer 20

Temporal- occipital regions

Question 21

Are delta brushes seen after 36 weeks?

Answer 21

Usually not in healthy neonate

Question 22

When does it become possible to stage sleep?

Answer 22

31-32 weeks

Question 23

In what stage of sleep are delta brushes more commonly seen?

Answer 23

NREN > R.E.M.

Question 24

What are SIRPIDs?

Answer 24

Stimulated-induced repetitive ictal discharges

Question 25

When are SIRPIDs are seen in what conditions?

Answer 25

Waveform elicited in critically ill patients

Question 26

What is the length of EEG monitoring to detect most of the seizures in non-comatose patients?

Answer 26

24 hours

Question 27

What is the percentage of patients in the ICU have sub clinical seizures?

Answer 27

19% of critically ill patients

Question 28

What is the percentage of seizures found in the first 24 hours of monitoring?

Answer 28

88%

Question 29

What are the risk factors for electrographic seizures in critically ill?

Answer 29

Coma, age < 18 years, history of epilepsy and convulsive seizures

Question 30

To evaluate AEDs to treat neonatal seizures why is cEEG needed?

Answer 30

Proving the clinical event or electrographic events are actually seizures and the frequency of short electrographic seizures

Question 31

What is another term for frontal sharp transients in neonatal EEG?

Answer 31

Encoches frontales

Question 32

What are frontal sharp transients in neonate?

Answer 32

Normal and noted especially during indeterminate sleep in term babies

Question 33

Frontal sharp transients are usually most common in what age range?

Answer 33

Most common in babies of 32-42 weeks gestation and are usually synchronous and symmetric

Question 34

During what stages are frontal sharp transients seen?

Answer 34

Most commonly in transitional or indeterminate sleep, and early quiet sleep and less commonly in active sleep

Question 35

What AEDs have been shown NOT to induce apoptosis in the developing brain?

Answer 35

LEV and CBZ

Question 36

What type of EEG finding can be associated with onset of seizures?

Answer 36

High frequency rhythmic activity

Question 37

Continuous EEG is useful for what clinical scenario?

Answer 37

To detect subtle or seizures with no motor components in patient in coma.

Question 38

What is the percentage of seizures not seen at bedside in the critical ill patient?

Answer 38

75%

Question 39

In cardiac arrest what is an unfavorable predictable finding?

Answer 39

Unfavorable EEG pattern- burst suppression or ISO-electric, absence of pupillary response at 48hours, bilateral absent somatosensory evoked potentials at 72 hours.

Question 40

Is there a different EEG pattern between hypoxia-ischemia and metabolic encephalopathies?

Answer 40

Hypoxia-ischemia is usually periodic while metabolic is usually triphasic

Question 41

What is the significance of rhythmic lateralized delta activity?

Answer 41

Is associated with 50%-60% risk of seizures, which is similar to lateralized periodic discharges

Question 42

What is the dynamic range of local field potentials recorded by intracranial EEG?

Answer 42

DC to 600 or higher Hz

Question 43

When EEG is performed on critically ill patients with acute neurological disorders electrographic seizures are found in what percentage?

Answer 43

10%-40%

Question 44

What is considered to be high frequency?

Answer 44

80 - 500 Hz

Question 45

What frequencies are considered ripples?

Answer 45

80 - 250 Hz

Question 46

What frequencies are considered fast ripples?

Answer 46

> 250 Hz

Question 47

What frequencies are considered very high oscillations?

Answer 47

> 1000 Hz

Question 48

What other activity occurs with HFO?

Answer 48

Interdict also spikes, with only 19% seen completely independent of spikes.

Question 49

HFO are specific for seizure onset?

Answer 49

Yes, fast ripples has sensitivity of 52% and spikes only 33%