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HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection > EE Lecture 7: Social Evolution > Flashcards

EE Lecture 7: Social Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what are the potential benefits of group living

A
  1. finding food
  2. accessing food
  3. predation avoidance
  4. social benefits
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2
Q

what are the social benefits of group living

A 
learning is easier
finding mates easier
sharing info easier
assistance in offpsring rearing
division of labout
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3
Q

what are the benefits of predation avoidance in group living - how is this carried out

A

vigilance effect
dilution effect
selfish herd effect
confusion effect

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4
Q

what is the optimal group size

A

max benefits and min costs (greatest difference between the two lines)

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5
Q

how can social group living be viable

A

need valuable food patches, clumped in space and time
patches need to be large enough to support several individuals, otherwise it would cause animals depending on the patch to compete

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6
Q

give an example of animals that use the “vigilance effect” to avoid predation

A

capuchin monkeys - animals in small groups spend more time scanning for predators

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7
Q

what are the potential costs of group living

A

increased competition for resources (food and mates)
increased risk of disease
increased conspicuoiusness to prey
increase chance of cuckoldry

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8
Q

what is the socioecological model

A

males arrange themselves with respect to females, who arrange themselves wrt food

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9
Q

what are the main diet types

A

frugivory - fruit
folivory - leaves
gumnivory - insects
faunivory - fauna

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10
Q

what is a frugivore

A

fruit eater

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11
Q

what is a folivore

A

leaves eater

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12
Q

what is a faunivore

A

eats fauna

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13
Q

what is a gumnivore

A

eats insectsq

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14
Q

how do plants defend against being eaten

how have animals overcome this

A

plants produce tannins&phenols
older plants = increased tannins&phenols
so animals tend to eat younger leaves as easier to digest
primates have colour vision for spotting young red leaves

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15
Q

why is a diet needed

A

BMR
Active metabolism
Growth
Reproduction

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16
Q

what is the BMR

A

basal metabolic rate - energy expended while an org is at rest and digestive system inactive

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17
Q

how does the SA:V ratio vary as size increases

A

SA:V ratio decreases as overall size increase

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18
Q

which has a bigger SA:V ratio, mouse lemur or gorilla

A

mouse lemur has a larger surface area to volume ratio

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19
Q

what relationship is there between SA:V and metabolism

A

a smaller animal with a higher surface area to volume ratio will have a higher metabolism therefore eat high quality insects, gum +fruit

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20
Q

what does a gorilla eat, why

A

lots of low quality vegetation due to having a smaller SAV ratio and slower metabolism

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21
Q

what is a mucin

A

a tannin binding protein produced by some folivores in their saliva - break down tannin

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22
Q

what is a dominance heirachy

A

ranking of individuals that reflects their dominance

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23
Q

what is dominance

A

the ability to defeat another individual in a pair-wise encounter

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24
Q

what is the ability to defeat another individual in a pairwise encounter calledq

A

dominance

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25
Q

what is a ranking of individuals based on teir dominance called

A

dominance heirachy

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26
Q

what are the considerations of a social organisation

A

how much comp between male+female
how much sexual dimorphism
dietary requirement

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27
Q

discuss the two types of resource distribution

A

contest: clump/patch
scramble: even distribution

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28
Q

name the main types of social organisation

A

solitary/noyau
monogamous
polyandry
polygyny

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29
Q

what is solitary/noyau organisation

A

females and their offspring have separate territories
males attempt to enclose a territory of multiple females
low sexual dimorphism
diet evenly distributed

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30
Q

give examples of species living in noyau/solitary organisation

A

Pongo pygmaeus
orangutan
Microcebus murinus

31
Q

what social organisation does orangutan live in

A

noyau/solitary

32
Q

what social organisation does the pongo pygmaeus live in

A

noyau/solitary

33
Q

what is a monogamous family group

A

a male mates with only one famele, and vv

the pairing may last for one or more breeding seasons, and both parents care for young

34
Q

give example of some animals in monogamy

A

Tarsiers
Indri indri
Callicebus moloch

35
Q

what social organisation do tarsiers live in

A

monogamous

36
Q

what social organisation do Indri indri live in

A

monogamous

37
Q

what is polygyny

A

one male, multi female

female usually provides more or all of parental care

38
Q

give an example of polygynous species

A

Gorilla
Red howler - Alouatta seniculus
Papio hamadryas - hamadryas baboon

39
Q

what social organisation does Red Howler live in

A

polygynous

40
Q

what social organisation does Gorilla live in

A

polygynous

41
Q

what social organisation does hamadyas baboon live in

A

polygynous

42
Q

what is polyandy

A

one female mates with multiple males

the male usually provides all the parental care

43
Q

which species live in polyandrous organisation

A

Tibetan humans
Callithrix pygmaea
Saguinus oedipus

44
Q

which type of social organisation do tibetan tribes live in

A

polyandrous

45
Q

which species live in a multi male multi female organisation

A

Colobus guereza
Cebus capucinus
Papio anubis

46
Q

which social organisation does Papio anubis live in

A

multi male multi female

polygamy

47
Q

what social organisation has a lot of contest comp for sexually active females and is highly sexually dimorphic

A

polygamy

48
Q

define altruism

A

the cost to your fitness at the benefit of others

49
Q

why is altruism a problematic,

A

selfish behaviours are always favourable

50
Q

when are spiteful behaviours theoretically possible

A

if the harm to receiver > harm to actor

51
Q

when can cooperative behaviour be favoured

A

when advantage to actor > receiver

52
Q

when are altuistic behaviours favourable

A

NEVER

53
Q

what categories of social behaviour are there

A

selfish
spiteful
cooperative
altruism

54
Q

What is an ESS (evolutionary stable strategy)

A

an advantageous behaviour that confers survivorship

55
Q

which type of behaviour is never favoured

A

altruistic- as it sacrifices your fitness

56
Q

what is inclusive fitness a sum of

A

inclusive fitness = direct fitness + indirect fitness

57
Q

what is Hamiltons Eulw

A

altruism is expected to evolve when rb>c

58
Q

in hamiltons rule, what does b stand for

A

benefit to the recipient of altruism

59
Q

in hamiltons rule, what does c stand for

A

the cost to the altruist

60
Q

in hamiltons rule, what does r stand for

A

the coefficient of relatedness between them

61
Q

what rule is rb>c

A

hamilton’s rule

62
Q

when does altruism occur? (wrt. Hamilton’s Rule)

A

altruism occurs if the cost is not great and relatedness is high

63
Q

what is haplodiploidy

A

a sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid
females develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid

64
Q

what is the system called where males develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid

A

haplodiploidy

65
Q

give an example of species living in haploidiploidy

A

bees

66
Q

what is the highest level of organisation of animal sociality defined by

A

cooperative brood care
division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive
castes

67
Q

how closely related are sister workers to eachother

A

75%

68
Q

what are the male worker bees called

A

drones

69
Q

what ploidy level are female worker bees

A

diploid

70
Q

what ploidy level are male worker bees

A

haploid

71
Q

define reciprocal altruism

A

a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time

72
Q

when is reciprocal altruism predicted to evolve

A

when cost of altruism low
when the benefit to recipient is high
when there are expected repeated interactions
the penalty for ‘cheating’ is a loss of future benefits

73
Q

give some examples of reciprocal altruism

A

cleaning symbiosis
warning calls in birds
nest protection

74
Q

what are the sociobiology wars

A

critics didnt like the suggestion that human behaviour has a genetic component - evolnary psychology contested this

HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection (14 decks)

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