Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection > EE Lecture 7: Social Evolution > Flashcards

EE Lecture 7: Social Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what are the potential benefits of group living

A
  1. finding food
  2. accessing food
  3. predation avoidance
  4. social benefits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the social benefits of group living

A 
learning is easier
finding mates easier
sharing info easier
assistance in offpsring rearing
division of labout
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the benefits of predation avoidance in group living - how is this carried out

A

vigilance effect
dilution effect
selfish herd effect
confusion effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the optimal group size

A

max benefits and min costs (greatest difference between the two lines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how can social group living be viable

A

need valuable food patches, clumped in space and time
patches need to be large enough to support several individuals, otherwise it would cause animals depending on the patch to compete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

give an example of animals that use the “vigilance effect” to avoid predation

A

capuchin monkeys - animals in small groups spend more time scanning for predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the potential costs of group living

A

increased competition for resources (food and mates)
increased risk of disease
increased conspicuoiusness to prey
increase chance of cuckoldry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the socioecological model

A

males arrange themselves with respect to females, who arrange themselves wrt food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the main diet types

A

frugivory - fruit
folivory - leaves
gumnivory - insects
faunivory - fauna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a frugivore

A

fruit eater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a folivore

A

leaves eater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a faunivore

A

eats fauna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a gumnivore

A

eats insectsq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do plants defend against being eaten

how have animals overcome this

A

plants produce tannins&phenols
older plants = increased tannins&phenols
so animals tend to eat younger leaves as easier to digest
primates have colour vision for spotting young red leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is a diet needed

A

BMR
Active metabolism
Growth
Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the BMR

A

basal metabolic rate - energy expended while an org is at rest and digestive system inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does the SA:V ratio vary as size increases

A

SA:V ratio decreases as overall size increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which has a bigger SA:V ratio, mouse lemur or gorilla

A

mouse lemur has a larger surface area to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what relationship is there between SA:V and metabolism

A

a smaller animal with a higher surface area to volume ratio will have a higher metabolism therefore eat high quality insects, gum +fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does a gorilla eat, why

A

lots of low quality vegetation due to having a smaller SAV ratio and slower metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a mucin

A

a tannin binding protein produced by some folivores in their saliva - break down tannin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a dominance heirachy

A

ranking of individuals that reflects their dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is dominance

A

the ability to defeat another individual in a pair-wise encounter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the ability to defeat another individual in a pairwise encounter calledq

A

dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is a ranking of individuals based on teir dominance called
dominance heirachy
26
what are the considerations of a social organisation
how much comp between male+female how much sexual dimorphism dietary requirement
27
discuss the two types of resource distribution
contest: clump/patch scramble: even distribution
28
name the main types of social organisation
solitary/noyau monogamous polyandry polygyny
29
what is solitary/noyau organisation
females and their offspring have separate territories males attempt to enclose a territory of multiple females low sexual dimorphism diet evenly distributed
30
give examples of species living in noyau/solitary organisation
Pongo pygmaeus orangutan Microcebus murinus
31
what social organisation does orangutan live in
noyau/solitary
32
what social organisation does the pongo pygmaeus live in
noyau/solitary
33
what is a monogamous family group
a male mates with only one famele, and vv | the pairing may last for one or more breeding seasons, and both parents care for young
34
give example of some animals in monogamy
Tarsiers Indri indri Callicebus moloch
35
what social organisation do tarsiers live in
monogamous
36
what social organisation do Indri indri live in
monogamous
37
what is polygyny
one male, multi female | female usually provides more or all of parental care
38
give an example of polygynous species
Gorilla Red howler - Alouatta seniculus Papio hamadryas - hamadryas baboon
39
what social organisation does Red Howler live in
polygynous
40
what social organisation does Gorilla live in
polygynous
41
what social organisation does hamadyas baboon live in
polygynous
42
what is polyandy
one female mates with multiple males | the male usually provides all the parental care
43
which species live in polyandrous organisation
Tibetan humans Callithrix pygmaea Saguinus oedipus
44
which type of social organisation do tibetan tribes live in
polyandrous
45
which species live in a multi male multi female organisation
Colobus guereza Cebus capucinus Papio anubis
46
which social organisation does Papio anubis live in
multi male multi female | polygamy
47
what social organisation has a lot of contest comp for sexually active females and is highly sexually dimorphic
polygamy
48
define altruism
the cost to your fitness at the benefit of others
49
why is altruism a problematic,
selfish behaviours are always favourable
50
when are spiteful behaviours theoretically possible
if the harm to receiver > harm to actor
51
when can cooperative behaviour be favoured
when advantage to actor > receiver
52
when are altuistic behaviours favourable
NEVER
53
what categories of social behaviour are there
selfish spiteful cooperative altruism
54
What is an ESS (evolutionary stable strategy)
an advantageous behaviour that confers survivorship
55
which type of behaviour is never favoured
altruistic- as it sacrifices your fitness
56
what is inclusive fitness a sum of
inclusive fitness = direct fitness + indirect fitness
57
what is Hamiltons Eulw
altruism is expected to evolve when rb>c
58
in hamiltons rule, what does b stand for
benefit to the recipient of altruism
59
in hamiltons rule, what does c stand for
the cost to the altruist
60
in hamiltons rule, what does r stand for
the coefficient of relatedness between them
61
what rule is rb>c
hamilton's rule
62
when does altruism occur? (wrt. Hamilton's Rule)
altruism occurs if the cost is not great and relatedness is high
63
what is haplodiploidy
a sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid females develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid
64
what is the system called where males develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid
haplodiploidy
65
give an example of species living in haploidiploidy
bees
66
what is the highest level of organisation of animal sociality defined by
cooperative brood care division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive castes
67
how closely related are sister workers to eachother
75%
68
what are the male worker bees called
drones
69
what ploidy level are female worker bees
diploid
70
what ploidy level are male worker bees
haploid
71
define reciprocal altruism
a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time
72
when is reciprocal altruism predicted to evolve
when cost of altruism low when the benefit to recipient is high when there are expected repeated interactions the penalty for 'cheating' is a loss of future benefits
73
give some examples of reciprocal altruism
cleaning symbiosis warning calls in birds nest protection
74
what are the sociobiology wars
critics didnt like the suggestion that human behaviour has a genetic component - evolnary psychology contested this

HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions