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HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection > EE Lecture 12: Coevolution > Flashcards

EE Lecture 12: Coevolution Flashcards

1
Q

define coevolution

A

reciprocal evoln - change in 1 species causes change in a 2nd species and vv

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2
Q

define coadaptation

A

reciprocal adaptation - adaptation in one species causes adaptation in another and vv

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3
Q

define cospeciation

A

speciation in one lineage causes speciation in another lineage

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4
Q

do cospeciation and coadaptation have to happen together

A

NO

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5
Q

what types of interspecific interactions exist

A 
competition
predation
parasitism
mutualism
symbiosis
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6
Q

what is parasitism/mutualism/symbiosis an example of

A

interspecific interactions

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7
Q

what types of coadaptations are there

A
  1. character displacement
  2. arms race
  3. coevolnary cycles
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8
Q

what is arms race an example of

A

coadaptations

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9
Q

what is character displacement an example of

A

coadapatation

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10
Q

what two types of positive interspecific competition exist

A

commensalism and mutualism

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11
Q

what is mutualism

A

mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two species (+/+ relnship)

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12
Q

what is commensalism

A

one species benefit, other is neither harmed or benefitted (0/+ relationship)

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13
Q

what term is used to refer to mutualism and commensalism collectively

A

facilitation

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14
Q

what is tight coevoln

A

1 species 1 species

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15
Q

what is diffuse coevoln

A

1 species many species

eg.plant herbivore

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16
Q

name some mutualisms

A

mycorrhizae - symbiotic associations between plant roots and various types of fungi (80% angiosperms form this)

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17
Q

what is cospeciation

where is it likely to happen

A

speciation in parallel - likely to happen between parasites and their host

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18
Q

how can you tell by a phylogeny that cospeciation has occured

A

the parasite phylogeny/endosymbiont phylogeny will mirror the host

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19
Q

give an example of cospeciation

A

pocket gophers and chewing lice

aphids and endosymbiotic bacteria

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20
Q

if a parasite phylogeny mirror host phylogeny, what is this an example of

A

cospeciation

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21
Q

what are pocket gophers and chewing lice an example of

A

cospeciation

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22
Q

what are aphids and endosymbiotic bacteria an example of

A

cospeciation

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23
Q

what can competition lead to

A

character displacement

niche partitioning

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24
Q

give an example of character displacement

A

in sticklebacks
freshwater sticklebacks invaded lakes created by retreated ice sheets
some lakes had 1 sp, others 2
lakes with 2 sp diverged into 2 forms: benthic and limnetic with different diets

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25
Q

what niche partitioning was involved in sticklebaction

A

freshwater sticklebacks invaded lakes created by glacial retreated - lakes with 2 species diverged into 2 distinct forms
benthic
limnetic form with distinct diets each

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26
Q

compare benthic and limnetic forms of sticklebacks

A

benthic forms much larger
limnetic form smaller
different diet, one eats macroinvertebrates while the other eats plankton

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27
Q

what has competition among sticklebacks led to

A

character displacement and niche partitioning

28
Q

what is a trophic mutualist - give an example

A

trophic mutualist - mutualist receives energy or nutrients from its partner
leaf-cutter ant-fungus mutualism -> each partner feeds the other

29
Q

what is the leaf-cutter ant-fungus mutualism

A

each partner feeds the other

mutualism

30
Q

what do some mutualists have to prevent overexploitation

A

some mutualists have mechanisms for cheaters eg. stopping the mutualism

31
Q

outline an ant plant mutualism

A

acacia ants lay larvae and pupae inside an acacia thorn

32
Q

where may positive interactions be more prevalent

A

in stressful enviros

33
Q

in a mutualisti interaction, how does each partner act

A

each partner acts in a way that serves its own ecological and evolutionary interests

34
Q

give an example of diffuse coevolnary arms race with predators

A

shell thickness in molluscs over geological time

35
Q

what is Red Queen a hypothesis for

A

coevolnary dynamics

36
Q

outline coevoln in brood parasitism

A

brood parasitism by cuckoos
cuckoo adaptation: mimic colour and speckling of eggs of host species
young cuckoo ejects eggs of host, so fed by foster parents

37
Q

what is an arms race

A

evolnary struggle between competing sets of coevolnary genes that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations, an example of positive feedback

38
Q

give an example of an arms race in the evoln of virulence : myxomatosis in rabbits

A

myxoma ‘natural’ host is S.American rabbits
introduced rabbits to Australia but became overpopulated -therefore introduce myxy virus to kill them off
mortality of rabits increased, however so did resistance so net effect: rabbit pop now more resistnat to virus

39
Q

what are coevolnary cycles due to

A

negative freq dependence

40
Q

which genes are among the fastest evolving in humans

A

parasite resistance and immunity genes

41
Q

what occurs in hairworm parasitism

A

juvenile hairworms: parasitic in insects
ADULT HAIR WORMS: need to enter water to mate, oviposit and produce infective stages, so to overcome this they make infected insects jump into water and then emerge, by the expression of phototaxis associated proteins

42
Q

what effect do adult hairworms have on host

A

they make infected insects jump into water and emerge by expression phototaxis associated proteins

43
Q

how do adult hairworms enter water to mate

A

cause expression of proteins involved in phototaxis in insect host, which makes them jump into water, so adult hairworms can oviposit and produce infective stages

44
Q

give examples of where parasite modification of host behaviour exists

A

juvenile/adult hairworms in insects

toxoplasma protozoan on warmblooded animals

45
Q

what are toxoplasma protozoan hosts

A

warm blooded animals - mainly cats

46
Q

what effect do toxoplasma protozoans have on rodents

A

make them less fearful of cats, seek out urine marked areas by the Toxoplasma increasing dopamine levels in brain

47
Q

what do Toxoplasma protozoans do

A

they increase dopamine levels in the brain

48
Q

what is involved in making rodents less fearful of cats

A

toxoplasma protozoan

49
Q

what is the mechanism behind toxoplama protozoan making rodents less fearful of cats

A

increased dopamine levels in brain

50
Q

give examples of enslaver parasites

A

Toxoplasma protozoan ->rodents
Juvenile/Adult hairworms in insects
Cordyceps fungi on Ant
Blue butterfly larva on ant

51
Q

what effect do Cordyceps fungi have on insects and spiders/ants

A

ant infected by spores, grow into its brain and when ready, climbs to high leaf, attaches its mandibles and the fungus is wind dispersed

52
Q

where do ants infected by cordyceps fungi go

A

they climb to high leaf and attach their mandibles so fungus becomes wind dispersed

53
Q

discuss ant/caterpillar enslaver parasites

A

caterpillar larvae release same pheremones as ant larvae, so smell the same therefore ants think caterpillar larvae are ant larvae, so take them into nursery and treated like ant

54
Q

discuss caterpillar larvae/parasitoid (wasp) enslaver parasites

A

when caterpillar larvae are present in ants nursery/nest, parasitoid such as wasp comes in, releasing pheremones that make ants panic, then wasp finds caterpillar larvae and injects eggs in them, so some caterpillar larvae become wasps, others butterflies

55
Q

give some examples of plant mutualisms

A 
pollination - bird and mammal/insect/bird
seed dispersal - bird/mammal/insect/ant
defence - ant- acacia
mycorrhiza - plant & fungus
lichens - fungus and alga
56
Q

give an example of a specialist symbiosis

A

ant and acacia plant
tree gets defence: ants produce alarm pheromones to deter herbivores and direct attack
ant get a home+nutrition from Beltian bodies - protein rich swellings on leaflets, and nectar from glands on stalks

57
Q

what are Beltian bodies

A

protein rich swellings on acacia plants which ants live in as part of a specialist symbiosis

58
Q

give some examples of animal mutualisms

A 
gut symbionts:commensals, parasites,mutualist
corals - algae and zooxanthellae
leaf cutter ant fungal gardens
cleaner wrasse
mullerian mimicry
59
Q

what does Aneura mirabilis do? what relationship does it have

A

PARASITIC liverwort, takes carbon from host tree via mycorrhizal network, no chlorophyll
mutualism

60
Q

how are orchids pollinated in a mutualistic relationship

A

pollination by sexual deception in orchids
flower mimics bees species (shape.colour.scent)
bee attempts to mate with flower
picks up pollinia and transfers
no nectar or oil reward

61
Q

how does pollination by sexual deception work

give example

A 
works in orchids
flower mimics bees species in shape, colour,scent
bee attempts to mate with flower
picks up pollinia and transfers it
no nectar or oil reward
62
Q

compare Batesian and Mullerian mimicry

what species can it occur in

A

can occur in butterflies
Batesian mimicry involves and unpalatable model, palatable mimic, whereas Mullerian mimicry involves unpalatable model AND mimic

63
Q

what is Batesian mimicry

A

unpalatable model and palatable mimic

64
Q

what is Mullerian mimicry

A

unpalatable model and mimic

65
Q

what is most coevolution

A

diffuse eg. plants and herbivores, as opposed to tight

66
Q

what sequencing can be used to measure our own (human) symbionts

A

454 Sequencing

>1 mill sequences

67
Q

give an example of gut endosymbionts manipulating human behaviour

A

microbes may control the eating behavior of hosts through microbial manipulation of reward pathways, production of toxins that alter mood , changes to receptors including taste receptors, and hijacking of neurotransmission via the vagus nerve which is the main neural axis between the gut and the brain.

HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection (14 decks)

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