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HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection > EE Lecture 12: Coevolution > Flashcards

EE Lecture 12: Coevolution Flashcards

1
Q

define coevolution

A

reciprocal evoln - change in 1 species causes change in a 2nd species and vv

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2
Q

define coadaptation

A

reciprocal adaptation - adaptation in one species causes adaptation in another and vv

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3
Q

define cospeciation

A

speciation in one lineage causes speciation in another lineage

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4
Q

do cospeciation and coadaptation have to happen together

A

NO

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5
Q

what types of interspecific interactions exist

A 
competition
predation
parasitism
mutualism
symbiosis
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6
Q

what is parasitism/mutualism/symbiosis an example of

A

interspecific interactions

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7
Q

what types of coadaptations are there

A
  1. character displacement
  2. arms race
  3. coevolnary cycles
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8
Q

what is arms race an example of

A

coadaptations

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9
Q

what is character displacement an example of

A

coadapatation

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10
Q

what two types of positive interspecific competition exist

A

commensalism and mutualism

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11
Q

what is mutualism

A

mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two species (+/+ relnship)

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12
Q

what is commensalism

A

one species benefit, other is neither harmed or benefitted (0/+ relationship)

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13
Q

what term is used to refer to mutualism and commensalism collectively

A

facilitation

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14
Q

what is tight coevoln

A

1 species 1 species

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15
Q

what is diffuse coevoln

A

1 species many species

eg.plant herbivore

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16
Q

name some mutualisms

A

mycorrhizae - symbiotic associations between plant roots and various types of fungi (80% angiosperms form this)

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17
Q

what is cospeciation

where is it likely to happen

A

speciation in parallel - likely to happen between parasites and their host

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18
Q

how can you tell by a phylogeny that cospeciation has occured

A

the parasite phylogeny/endosymbiont phylogeny will mirror the host

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19
Q

give an example of cospeciation

A

pocket gophers and chewing lice

aphids and endosymbiotic bacteria

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20
Q

if a parasite phylogeny mirror host phylogeny, what is this an example of

A

cospeciation

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21
Q

what are pocket gophers and chewing lice an example of

A

cospeciation

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22
Q

what are aphids and endosymbiotic bacteria an example of

A

cospeciation

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23
Q

what can competition lead to

A

character displacement

niche partitioning

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24
Q

give an example of character displacement

A

in sticklebacks
freshwater sticklebacks invaded lakes created by retreated ice sheets
some lakes had 1 sp, others 2
lakes with 2 sp diverged into 2 forms: benthic and limnetic with different diets

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25
what niche partitioning was involved in sticklebaction
freshwater sticklebacks invaded lakes created by glacial retreated - lakes with 2 species diverged into 2 distinct forms benthic limnetic form with distinct diets each
26
compare benthic and limnetic forms of sticklebacks
benthic forms much larger limnetic form smaller different diet, one eats macroinvertebrates while the other eats plankton
27
what has competition among sticklebacks led to
character displacement and niche partitioning
28
what is a trophic mutualist - give an example
trophic mutualist - mutualist receives energy or nutrients from its partner leaf-cutter ant-fungus mutualism -> each partner feeds the other
29
what is the leaf-cutter ant-fungus mutualism
each partner feeds the other | mutualism
30
what do some mutualists have to prevent overexploitation
some mutualists have mechanisms for cheaters eg. stopping the mutualism
31
outline an ant plant mutualism
acacia ants lay larvae and pupae inside an acacia thorn
32
where may positive interactions be more prevalent
in stressful enviros
33
in a mutualisti interaction, how does each partner act
each partner acts in a way that serves its own ecological and evolutionary interests
34
give an example of diffuse coevolnary arms race with predators
shell thickness in molluscs over geological time
35
what is Red Queen a hypothesis for
coevolnary dynamics
36
outline coevoln in brood parasitism
brood parasitism by cuckoos cuckoo adaptation: mimic colour and speckling of eggs of host species young cuckoo ejects eggs of host, so fed by foster parents
37
what is an arms race
evolnary struggle between competing sets of coevolnary genes that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations, an example of positive feedback
38
give an example of an arms race in the evoln of virulence : myxomatosis in rabbits
myxoma 'natural' host is S.American rabbits introduced rabbits to Australia but became overpopulated -therefore introduce myxy virus to kill them off mortality of rabits increased, however so did resistance so net effect: rabbit pop now more resistnat to virus
39
what are coevolnary cycles due to
negative freq dependence
40
which genes are among the fastest evolving in humans
parasite resistance and immunity genes
41
what occurs in hairworm parasitism
juvenile hairworms: parasitic in insects ADULT HAIR WORMS: need to enter water to mate, oviposit and produce infective stages, so to overcome this they make infected insects jump into water and then emerge, by the expression of phototaxis associated proteins
42
what effect do adult hairworms have on host
they make infected insects jump into water and emerge by expression phototaxis associated proteins
43
how do adult hairworms enter water to mate
cause expression of proteins involved in phototaxis in insect host, which makes them jump into water, so adult hairworms can oviposit and produce infective stages
44
give examples of where parasite modification of host behaviour exists
juvenile/adult hairworms in insects | toxoplasma protozoan on warmblooded animals
45
what are toxoplasma protozoan hosts
warm blooded animals - mainly cats
46
what effect do toxoplasma protozoans have on rodents
make them less fearful of cats, seek out urine marked areas by the Toxoplasma increasing dopamine levels in brain
47
what do Toxoplasma protozoans do
they increase dopamine levels in the brain
48
what is involved in making rodents less fearful of cats
toxoplasma protozoan
49
what is the mechanism behind toxoplama protozoan making rodents less fearful of cats
increased dopamine levels in brain
50
give examples of enslaver parasites
Toxoplasma protozoan ->rodents Juvenile/Adult hairworms in insects Cordyceps fungi on Ant Blue butterfly larva on ant
51
what effect do Cordyceps fungi have on insects and spiders/ants
ant infected by spores, grow into its brain and when ready, climbs to high leaf, attaches its mandibles and the fungus is wind dispersed
52
where do ants infected by cordyceps fungi go
they climb to high leaf and attach their mandibles so fungus becomes wind dispersed
53
discuss ant/caterpillar enslaver parasites
caterpillar larvae release same pheremones as ant larvae, so smell the same therefore ants think caterpillar larvae are ant larvae, so take them into nursery and treated like ant
54
discuss caterpillar larvae/parasitoid (wasp) enslaver parasites
when caterpillar larvae are present in ants nursery/nest, parasitoid such as wasp comes in, releasing pheremones that make ants panic, then wasp finds caterpillar larvae and injects eggs in them, so some caterpillar larvae become wasps, others butterflies
55
give some examples of plant mutualisms
``` pollination - bird and mammal/insect/bird seed dispersal - bird/mammal/insect/ant defence - ant- acacia mycorrhiza - plant & fungus lichens - fungus and alga ```
56
give an example of a specialist symbiosis
ant and acacia plant tree gets defence: ants produce alarm pheromones to deter herbivores and direct attack ant get a home+nutrition from Beltian bodies - protein rich swellings on leaflets, and nectar from glands on stalks
57
what are Beltian bodies
protein rich swellings on acacia plants which ants live in as part of a specialist symbiosis
58
give some examples of animal mutualisms
``` gut symbionts:commensals, parasites,mutualist corals - algae and zooxanthellae leaf cutter ant fungal gardens cleaner wrasse mullerian mimicry ```
59
what does Aneura mirabilis do? what relationship does it have
PARASITIC liverwort, takes carbon from host tree via mycorrhizal network, no chlorophyll mutualism
60
how are orchids pollinated in a mutualistic relationship
pollination by sexual deception in orchids flower mimics bees species (shape.colour.scent) bee attempts to mate with flower picks up pollinia and transfers no nectar or oil reward
61
how does pollination by sexual deception work | give example
``` works in orchids flower mimics bees species in shape, colour,scent bee attempts to mate with flower picks up pollinia and transfers it no nectar or oil reward ```
62
compare Batesian and Mullerian mimicry | what species can it occur in
can occur in butterflies Batesian mimicry involves and unpalatable model, palatable mimic, whereas Mullerian mimicry involves unpalatable model AND mimic
63
what is Batesian mimicry
unpalatable model and palatable mimic
64
what is Mullerian mimicry
unpalatable model and mimic
65
what is most coevolution
diffuse eg. plants and herbivores, as opposed to tight
66
what sequencing can be used to measure our own (human) symbionts
454 Sequencing | >1 mill sequences
67
give an example of gut endosymbionts manipulating human behaviour
microbes may control the eating behavior of hosts through microbial manipulation of reward pathways, production of toxins that alter mood , changes to receptors including taste receptors, and hijacking of neurotransmission via the vagus nerve which is the main neural axis between the gut and the brain.

HELENP EE Evolution and Natural Selection (14 decks)

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