Edward's military campaigns in Scotland Flashcards
Alexander III dies without a direct heir!
1286
he ate(8) then became sick(6)
Who was supposed to succeed Alexander III?
Margaret, Maid of Norway
His granddaughter
Treaty of Birgham
1290
-Edward I’s son would marry Margaret
-Scotland and England would remain independent of each other – this was guaranteed in the Treaty
-all decisions affecting Scotland would be made in Scotland
Treaty of Birgham
Success and Failure
+This agreement seemed to offer a solution to the succession crisis, as well as stopping any potential threat of a civil war.
-However, as it was a marriage agreement it could be declared null and void if the marriage failed to take place, which happened.
Margaret, Maid of Norway dies
When and how
October 1290 aged 7
At Orkney, while travelling from Norway to Scotland
The crisis in which Scotland was left without an heir was called….
The Great Cause
Why did Edward become involved with the Great Cause? (4)
-He was believed to be one of the greatest legal minds of that time
-Considered neutral in the affair
-Promised to respect the independence of the Scots
-The Guardians believed that he had enough power and influence to prevent a civil war from breaking out
How many Scottish competitors to the throne petitioned Edward I?
13
2 main contenders to the throne after the Great Cause
John Balliol
Robert de Brus
Award of Norham
April 1291
Signed at Norham Castle on the English side of the border
The nobles had to accept Edward as their overlord
Significance of the Award of Norham
This meant the future king would be controlled by Edward.
Scotland’s independence was under threat.
He also threatened to blockade Scottish ports with his navy and summoned men to form an army.
Who did Edward choose to be the next king of Scotland?
John Balliol
When was Balliol crowned?
November 1292
Why did Edward choose Balliol?
-Thought he’d be easy to control and weak
-he was a landholder in Scotland, England and France, so was a connection between the countries
-it was acknowledged that his claim was the strongest legally - Edward, an expert in law would have recognised this
Edward demanded homage from Balliol in the year ___ at ____
1292
Newcastle
How did Edward make it clear that Balliol was under his direction?
Made him travel to Westminster to answer charges made against him by one of the lords
How was Edward involved in Scottish affairs during Balliol’s rule?
Settled disagreements between Scottish magnates
Even made King John Balliol appear before English Parliament
Balliol felt that Edward is ‘too involved’ in Scottish business when…
Edward demanded tax to fund his war in France 1294
Why did the Scots not want to fight France in 1294? (4)
The Scottish nobles believed that Scotland was an independent country and not part of England – therefore Edward I had no right to ask the Scots to fight for him.
The Scottish nobles refused to accept that their King would have to fight for England.
It would be expensive – it would cost the Scottish nobles in taxes and soldiers.
The Kingdom of Scotland had strong trading links with France and the Scots did not want to fight against their trading partners.
Balliol deposed
1296
Replaced with 12 Guardians
The Auld Alliance
February 1296
If France was attacked, Scottish forces would come to their aid.
How long did the Auld Alliance last?
Nearly 300 years
How did the Scots attack England after the ‘Auld Alliance’
Attacked Northern England and Carlisle
How did Edward react to the Auld Alliance?
Attacked Berwick and Dunbar, 1296
