Edward's military campaigns in Scotland Flashcards
Alexander III dies without a direct heir!
1286
he ate(8) then became sick(6)
Who was supposed to succeed Alexander III?
Margaret, Maid of Norway
His granddaughter
Treaty of Birgham
1290
-Edward I’s son would marry Margaret
-Scotland and England would remain independent of each other – this was guaranteed in the Treaty
-all decisions affecting Scotland would be made in Scotland
Treaty of Birgham
Success and Failure
+This agreement seemed to offer a solution to the succession crisis, as well as stopping any potential threat of a civil war.
-However, as it was a marriage agreement it could be declared null and void if the marriage failed to take place, which happened.
Margaret, Maid of Norway dies
When and how
October 1290 aged 7
At Orkney, while travelling from Norway to Scotland
The crisis in which Scotland was left without an heir was called….
The Great Cause
Why did Edward become involved with the Great Cause? (4)
-He was believed to be one of the greatest legal minds of that time
-Considered neutral in the affair
-Promised to respect the independence of the Scots
-The Guardians believed that he had enough power and influence to prevent a civil war from breaking out
How many Scottish competitors to the throne petitioned Edward I?
13
2 main contenders to the throne after the Great Cause
John Balliol
Robert de Brus
Award of Norham
April 1291
Signed at Norham Castle on the English side of the border
The nobles had to accept Edward as their overlord
Significance of the Award of Norham
This meant the future king would be controlled by Edward.
Scotland’s independence was under threat.
He also threatened to blockade Scottish ports with his navy and summoned men to form an army.
Who did Edward choose to be the next king of Scotland?
John Balliol
When was Balliol crowned?
November 1292
Why did Edward choose Balliol?
-Thought he’d be easy to control and weak
-he was a landholder in Scotland, England and France, so was a connection between the countries
-it was acknowledged that his claim was the strongest legally - Edward, an expert in law would have recognised this
Edward demanded homage from Balliol in the year ___ at ____
1292
Newcastle
How did Edward make it clear that Balliol was under his direction?
Made him travel to Westminster to answer charges made against him by one of the lords
How was Edward involved in Scottish affairs during Balliol’s rule?
Settled disagreements between Scottish magnates
Even made King John Balliol appear before English Parliament
Balliol felt that Edward is ‘too involved’ in Scottish business when…
Edward demanded tax to fund his war in France 1294
Why did the Scots not want to fight France in 1294? (4)
The Scottish nobles believed that Scotland was an independent country and not part of England – therefore Edward I had no right to ask the Scots to fight for him.
The Scottish nobles refused to accept that their King would have to fight for England.
It would be expensive – it would cost the Scottish nobles in taxes and soldiers.
The Kingdom of Scotland had strong trading links with France and the Scots did not want to fight against their trading partners.
Balliol deposed
1296
Replaced with 12 Guardians
The Auld Alliance
February 1296
If France was attacked, Scottish forces would come to their aid.
How long did the Auld Alliance last?
Nearly 300 years
How did the Scots attack England after the ‘Auld Alliance’
Attacked Northern England and Carlisle
How did Edward react to the Auld Alliance?
Attacked Berwick and Dunbar, 1296
Response to the Scottish attack on North England
Edward’s support in England increased which allowed him to finance an army
Edward’s army against Scotland size
1,000 cavalry
20,000 infantry
Battle of Berwick
March 1296
Edward captured key trading town, Berwick-upon-Tweed
killing 7000
Berwick was ‘sacked’ (burnt and destroyed)
What did Edward do to Berwick after the battle?
Refortified it and made it into an English town
Dunfermline Abbey
Edward destroyed this in 1303 with the Warwolf Trebuchet, the largest of its kind ever made.
Showed that he didn’t just want to stop the Scots, he wanted to crush them to permanently eliminate their threat.
Symbolic: Historic Scottish religious site built in the 11th century
Battle of Dunbar
April 1296
The Scottish army left their tactical position on a hill but left this position when they thought that the English were retreating.
English victory
How many Scottish nobles were captured at Dunbar?
150
John Balliol surrenders
July 1296
His royal badge was stripped from his robes and he was called ‘Toom Tabard’ (empty coat)
What Scottish artefacts did Edward steal? (3)
Scottish Crown Jewels
Black Rood of St Margaret
Stone of Scone (only returned in 1996, 700 years later)
Build up to Stirling Bridge
-Edward was confident after his victory at Dunbar
Battle of Stirling Bridge date
September 1297
Edward army sizes in the 1303-05 campaign
9500 infantry
3500 cavalry
How did Edward attack in his last Scottish campaign?
2 pronged attack from Carlisle and Berwick
SUCCESS
Wallace betrayed
1305
Was brought to the Tower of London in chains and was executed much like Dafydd before him
Head displayed at the Tower of London
Edward becomes Deadward
1307
Died in Cumbria on the way to fight a Scottish rebellion
What happened in the Battle of Stirling Bridge?
-Earl of Surrey arrived late to the battlefield and had to recall his men
-After giving the Scots a chance to surrender Surrey ordered his cavalry to cross the river
-Scots charged and blocked the English escaping back across the bridge
-The Scots attacked the trapped men and many English drowned
-Surrey destroyed the bridge to save his remaining men
English losses at Stirling Bridge
100 knights
5000 men
Humiliating and financially ruinous defeat
Battle of Falkirk- Wallace’s strategy
Army retreated, destroying Edward’s food supplies
