Edward's military campaigns in Scotland

Question 1

Alexander III dies without a direct heir!

Answer 1

1286

he ate(8) then became sick(6)

Question 2

Who was supposed to succeed Alexander III?

Answer 2

Margaret, Maid of Norway
His granddaughter

Question 3

Treaty of Birgham

Answer 3

1290
-Edward I’s son would marry Margaret
-Scotland and England would remain independent of each other – this was guaranteed in the Treaty
-all decisions affecting Scotland would be made in Scotland

Question 4

Treaty of Birgham
Success and Failure

Answer 4

+This agreement seemed to offer a solution to the succession crisis, as well as stopping any potential threat of a civil war.

-However, as it was a marriage agreement it could be declared null and void if the marriage failed to take place, which happened.

Question 5

Margaret, Maid of Norway dies
When and how

Answer 5

October 1290 aged 7
At Orkney, while travelling from Norway to Scotland

Question 6

The crisis in which Scotland was left without an heir was called….

Answer 6

The Great Cause

Question 7

Why did Edward become involved with the Great Cause? (4)

Answer 7

-He was believed to be one of the greatest legal minds of that time
-Considered neutral in the affair
-Promised to respect the independence of the Scots
-The Guardians believed that he had enough power and influence to prevent a civil war from breaking out

Question 8

How many Scottish competitors to the throne petitioned Edward I?

Answer 8

13

Question 9

2 main contenders to the throne after the Great Cause

Answer 9

John Balliol
Robert de Brus

Question 10

Award of Norham

Answer 10

April 1291
Signed at Norham Castle on the English side of the border
The nobles had to accept Edward as their overlord

Question 11

Significance of the Award of Norham

Answer 11

This meant the future king would be controlled by Edward.
Scotland’s independence was under threat.
He also threatened to blockade Scottish ports with his navy and summoned men to form an army.

Question 12

Who did Edward choose to be the next king of Scotland?

Answer 12

John Balliol

Question 13

When was Balliol crowned?

Answer 13

November 1292

Question 14

Why did Edward choose Balliol?

Answer 14

-Thought he’d be easy to control and weak
-he was a landholder in Scotland, England and France, so was a connection between the countries
-it was acknowledged that his claim was the strongest legally - Edward, an expert in law would have recognised this

Question 15

Edward demanded homage from Balliol in the year ___ at ____

Answer 15

1292
Newcastle

Question 16

How did Edward make it clear that Balliol was under his direction?

Answer 16

Made him travel to Westminster to answer charges made against him by one of the lords

Question 17

How was Edward involved in Scottish affairs during Balliol’s rule?

Answer 17

Settled disagreements between Scottish magnates
Even made King John Balliol appear before English Parliament

Question 18

Balliol felt that Edward is ‘too involved’ in Scottish business when…

Answer 18

Edward demanded tax to fund his war in France 1294

Question 19

Why did the Scots not want to fight France in 1294? (4)

Answer 19

The Scottish nobles believed that Scotland was an independent country and not part of England – therefore Edward I had no right to ask the Scots to fight for him.

The Scottish nobles refused to accept that their King would have to fight for England.

It would be expensive – it would cost the Scottish nobles in taxes and soldiers.

The Kingdom of Scotland had strong trading links with France and the Scots did not want to fight against their trading partners.

Question 20

Balliol deposed

Answer 20

1296
Replaced with 12 Guardians

Question 21

The Auld Alliance

Answer 21

February 1296
If France was attacked, Scottish forces would come to their aid.

Question 22

How long did the Auld Alliance last?

Answer 22

Nearly 300 years

Question 23

How did the Scots attack England after the ‘Auld Alliance’

Answer 23

Attacked Northern England and Carlisle

Question 24

How did Edward react to the Auld Alliance?

Answer 24

Attacked Berwick and Dunbar, 1296

Question 25

Response to the Scottish attack on North England

Answer 25

Edward’s support in England increased which allowed him to finance an army

Question 26

Edward’s army against Scotland size

Answer 26

1,000 cavalry
20,000 infantry

Question 27

Battle of Berwick

Answer 27

March 1296
Edward captured key trading town, Berwick-upon-Tweed

killing 7000
Berwick was ‘sacked’ (burnt and destroyed)

Question 28

What did Edward do to Berwick after the battle?

Answer 28

Refortified it and made it into an English town

Question 29

Dunfermline Abbey

Answer 29

Edward destroyed this in 1303 with the Warwolf Trebuchet, the largest of its kind ever made.
Showed that he didn’t just want to stop the Scots, he wanted to crush them to permanently eliminate their threat.
Symbolic: Historic Scottish religious site built in the 11th century

Question 30

Battle of Dunbar

Answer 30

April 1296
The Scottish army left their tactical position on a hill but left this position when they thought that the English were retreating.
English victory

Question 31

How many Scottish nobles were captured at Dunbar?

Answer 31

150

Question 32

John Balliol surrenders

Answer 32

July 1296
His royal badge was stripped from his robes and he was called ‘Toom Tabard’ (empty coat)

Question 33

What Scottish artefacts did Edward steal? (3)

Answer 33

Scottish Crown Jewels
Black Rood of St Margaret
Stone of Scone (only returned in 1996, 700 years later)

Question 34

Build up to Stirling Bridge

Answer 34

-Edward was confident after his victory at Dunbar

Question 35

Battle of Stirling Bridge date

Answer 35

September 1297

Question 36

Edward army sizes in the 1303-05 campaign

Answer 36

9500 infantry
3500 cavalry

Question 37

How did Edward attack in his last Scottish campaign?

Answer 37

2 pronged attack from Carlisle and Berwick
SUCCESS

Question 38

Wallace betrayed

Answer 38

1305
Was brought to the Tower of London in chains and was executed much like Dafydd before him
Head displayed at the Tower of London

Question 39

Edward becomes Deadward

Answer 39

1307
Died in Cumbria on the way to fight a Scottish rebellion

Question 40

What happened in the Battle of Stirling Bridge?

Answer 40

-Earl of Surrey arrived late to the battlefield and had to recall his men
-After giving the Scots a chance to surrender Surrey ordered his cavalry to cross the river
-Scots charged and blocked the English escaping back across the bridge
-The Scots attacked the trapped men and many English drowned
-Surrey destroyed the bridge to save his remaining men

Question 41

English losses at Stirling Bridge

Answer 41

100 knights
5000 men

Humiliating and financially ruinous defeat

Question 42

Battle of Falkirk- Wallace’s strategy

Answer 42

Army retreated, destroying Edward’s food supplies