Educational Psychology Final Flashcards

Question

pavlov: Generalization

Answer 1

Associating feelings with an action. Ex: being generalized to similar situations regarding that response in that scenario

Answer 2

Weaken a conditioned response Ex: has test anxiety, does better, anxiety fades or becomes extinct

Answer 3

reduces anxiety by getting the individual to ASSOCIATE deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-producing situations

Answer 4

Positive reinforcement - give good -> increase behavior negative reinforcement - Takeaway -> increase behavior (dishes)

Answer 5

Positive punishment - give bad -> decrease behavior (soap in mouth) Negative Punishment - take away good -> decrease behavior (phone)

Answer 6

effect - connections are strengthened by satisfaction; weakened by frustration readiness - When students are ready to form connections it is satisfying; when not ready, it is frustrating and annoying Exercise - connection is strengthened with practice. If practice does not occur, the connection weakens

Answer 7

biological perspective; cognitive constructivism; human beings must build their own knowledge and meaning through experiences.

Answer 8

social constructivism; emphasizes the social contexts of learning, and the idea that knowledge is collaboratively constructed.

Answer 9

the teacher acts as a guide and the teachers constructs their own knowledge

Answer 10

Individualized educational plan *Written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for the student with a disability. The IEP should: *Be related to the child’s learning capacity *Be constructed to meet the child’s individual needs and not merely copy what is offered to other children *Provide educational benefits

Answer 11

Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975): *All students with disabilities should be given a free, appropriate public education

Answer 12

Modification to Public Law 94-142 (Amended in 1997, 2004) *Mandates include: *Evaluation & eligibility determination *Appropriate education *Individualized education plan (IEP) *Education in least restrictive environment

Answer 13

high probability activity can serve as a reinforcer for low probability

Answer 14

A student is subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct that is so severe, persistent, and pervasive that it limits the student’s ability to benefit from his or her education

Answer 15

School employee threatens to base an education decision (grades) on a student’s submission to unwelcome sexual conduct.

Answer 16

First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests.

Answer 17

Pioneering researchers who studied African American children’s self-conceptions and identity.

Answer 18

the internal motivation to do something for its own sake (an end in itself).

Answer 19

involves doing something to obtain something else (a means to an end).

Answer 20

meaning very optimistic and can withstand challenges

Answer 21

is that a teacher is the guide

Answer 22

refers to the behavior patterns, beliefs, traditions and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

Answer 23

An unjustified, negative or harmful action toward a member of a group because the person belongs to that group.

Answer 24

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of his/her membership in a group.

Answer 25

refers to a shared pattern of characteristics such as cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language

Answer 26

Schemas - Mental representations that organize knowledge assimilation - Incorporating new information into existing schemas accommodation - Adjusting existing schemas to fit new information and experiences Equilibration - A shift, a resolution of conflict to reach a balance

Answer 27

coordination of sensory experiences with motor actions (birth-2 years)

Answer 28

Symbolic thought: Ability to mentally represent an object that is not present: pretend play, scribbles that represent people, houses, cars etc. Intuitive thought rather than logic thinking, lack of conservation, Classification (Ability to classify objects according to only one characteristic at a time), Centration (Focuses on one characteristic to the exclusion of others.) (4-7 years)

Answer 29

Logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning, in concrete situations. Conservation, Classification, Seriation (order stimuli along some quantitative characteristic), Transitivity (combine relations to understand certain conclusions) and hierarchical classification

Answer 30

Abstract reasoning,Hypothetical-deductive reasoning (ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems and systematically reach a conclusion), adolescent egocentrism (heightened self-consciousness and a sense of personal)

Answer 31

involves the realization that objects continue to exist over time. (Sensory motor stage)

Answer 32

The idea that some characteristics of an object stay the same even though the object might change in appearance. (Concrete operational)

Answer 33

wide range of subjects, learns general principles, studying general concepts and the big picture, may ignore essential details

Answer 34

prefers systematic, methodical analysis leading to mastery of details, acquires knowledge sequentially and gradually, tends to overlook broad concepts, investigates deep details

Answer 35

Mastery style learner: Absorbs information concretely, processes it sequentially, and judges its value by its clarity and practicality. Understanding style learner: asking questions, reasoning, ideas, and abstraction Self expressive style learner: Depends on feelings and emotions to form new ideas and products, and judges the value of learning products by their originality and aesthetics. Interpersonal style learner: Social by nature, tends to learn better in groups and judges learning by its potential use in helping others.

Answer 36

Task is to gain a sense of trust in themselves and in the world around them. Developed through consistent love and support. (+: feeling of comfort and needs are met; -: fear, discomfort , and insecure attachment)

Answer 37

Discover that their behavior is their own – they can be independent and have self- control. Self-control fostered by support and encouragement.( +: independence, will, and self control; -: port self-esteem)

Answer 38

to engage in active, purposeful, responsible behavior and assert themselves through directing play and social interactions. Developed by exploring and accepting challenges.

Answer 39

Direct energy toward mastering knowledge. Mastery comes from success and recognition. (+: good self-efficacy and productivity; -: poor self efficacy)

Answer 40

to find out who they are, what they are all about, where they are going in life

Answer 41

To form positive, close relationships with others

Answer 42

Transmitting something positive to the next generation

Answer 43

Life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past. Does your life have meaning?

Answer 44

Retaining info over some period of time short - limited capacity; retains 30 seconds without rehearsal (can stay longer with better strategy) long - unlimited capacity; long period of time sensory - retaining info for an instance (seconds)

Answer 45

Making info more extensive; making distinctive stories to make retrieval easier - self reference

Answer 46

Associate a picture with info

Answer 47

Grouping info into higher order units for remembering (phone #)

Answer 48

Consistent repetition of info - good for remembering lists - bad for long term retention

Answer 49

ROYG BIV or PEMDAS

Answer 50

Creating a mental image or mnemonic

Answer 51

Remembering items in the beginning and the end

Answer 52

Immediate settings in which we live and with whom we Directly interact with : parents, family, teachers, peers, neighborhoods

Answer 53

Experiences in one setting (where student does not have an active role) influence what students and teachers experience in the immediate context. Indirect influences on the child

Answer 54

Culture in which students and teachers live: - behavior patterns - beliefs - dress - music - ceremonies/holidays

Answer 55

Connections/links between Microsystems: connections between family experiences and school experiences, and relationships between students and peers.

Answer 56

The socio-historical conditions of a student’s development. The pattern of events and transitions over your life span

Answer 57

Think about children embedded in several environmental systems and Influences Attend to connections between school and families

Answer 58

●Facial expressions ●Silence ●Space

Answer 59

Effective classroom management maximizes children’s learning opportunities

Answer 60

belief in own ability to master a task or achieve goals

Answer 61

Authoritative: Encourages students to be independent thinkers, but provides monitoring and verbal give-and-take. Authoritarian: Restrictive and punitive with the focus mainly on keeping order rather than learning. Permissive: Students have autonomy but little support for learning skills or managing behavior.

Answer 62

Place at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support. *Can be learned with guidance and assistance

Answer 63

Teacher adjusts the level of support as performance rises

Answer 64

Generational poverty - Being in poverty for two generations or longer Situational poverty - Middle class values, Exists for a shorter time Is caused by circumstances like death, illness, divorce

Answer 65

Vague, highly unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension that impairs daily functioning

Answer 66

Feelings of worthlessness, negativistic outlook, lethargy, lack of appetite, sleep changes

Answer 67

the presence of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person

Answer 68

Social expectations that prescribe how males and females should think, act, and feel.

Answer 69

refers to the sociocultural dimensions of being female or male, not biological

Answer 70

Easy: Positive mood *Establishes regular routines in infancy *Adapts easily to new experiences Difficult: *Reacts negatively, cries frequently *Irregular daily routines *Slow to accept change Slow to warm up: *Low activity level *Somewhat negative *Low intensity of mood

Answer 71

O- openness (imagination, feelings, actions, ideas) C - Conscientiousness (competence, goal-driven, thoughtfulness) E - Extroversion (sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression) A - Agreeableness (cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured) N - Neuroticism (tendency toward unstable emotions)

Answer 72

Verbal, Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily Kinesthetic, Musical, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist

Answer 73

a result of the processes that energize, direct, and sustain behavior. *Critical aspect of teaching and learning

Answer 74

A test that measures what the stu- dent has learned or what skills the student has mastered.

Answer 75

A type of test that is used to predict a student’s ability to learn a skill or accomplish something with further education and training.

Answer 76

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure and whether inferences about the test scores are accurate and appropriate.

Answer 77

Tests that have uniform proce- dures for administration and scoring and often allow a student’s performance to be compared with the perfor- mance of other students at the same age or grade level on a national basis.

Answer 78

able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions. Children should be…

Answer 79

What effective teachers are

Answer 80

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Three different symptom profiles: *ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type *ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type *ADHD Combination Type  Difference between medical and educational “diagnosis”