Education Support at Different Levels Flashcards
Explain with the aid of examples how barriers to learning located outside the learner may manifest in your phase (20)
Barriers to learning located outside the learner also known as external factors may come about in what Bronfenbrenner called the microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems.
Although a lot of learning barriers come about because of internal factors in children it is really the influence and interaction between those internal factors and external factors that bring about these learning barriers.
- Administrative Factors:
•Materials not available/accessible for educators/learners - Political Factors:
•Discrimination - Inappropriateness:
•Exclusion and marginalization of learners who experience barriers by
educators/other learners - Environmental Factors:
•Unsuitable classrooms, inaccessible learning facilities, no available material - Governmental Factors:
•No facilities or facilities don’t meet the basic requirements - Social Barriers:
•No empowerment and negative attitudes of learners/educators - Personal Factors:
•Negative attitudes of educators or other learners - Economic Factors:
•poverty
Example: a child who comes from a poor family may have to help support his family financially by working on the side. This may mean that he has to miss a lot of school which would cause him to fall behind with his studies and therefore would develop slower than the rest of the class. The teacher might see his lack of attendance as bunking and label him as a child with a bad attitude which could influence the way the child thinks about himself. This may discourage the learner from being actively involved in his lessons
Factors at National Level that can cause learning barriers (5)
If they ignore rights of learners & making decisions which are not in interest of learners.
If policies are unclear – not enough guidelines of how to implement it.
If they do not advocate inclusion education enough.
If they not give support or guidelines to provinces to make inclusive education a success
If they don’t work with other government departments
Factors at Provincial Level that can cause learning barriers (5)
If it fails to implement the policies in the different provinces as expected by the National level.
If it fails to properly and effectively consult between National and District level.
If it fails to properly and effectively manage all services in provinces.
If it fails to properly and effectively manage all projects in provinces.
If it fails properly and effectively spend money received from National level as expected.
Factors at Distric Level that can cause learning barriers (5)
If there is a lack of training, monitoring & support from National & Provincial levels to be able to implement inclusive education properly & effectively.
If there is a lack of resources & equipment
If there is a lack of guidelines to support learners with barriers
If there is no coordination of learning support with special & full-service schools
If there is lack of partnerships with other teams in district.
Factors at School Level that can cause learning barriers (5)
If educators are not provided with the necessary training & support to properly & effectively implement inclusive education.
If school teams have negative attitude towards inclusive education.
If schools struggle to continually commit to removing barriers & increasing educational opportunities.
If the schools are reluctant or unprepared to change their school system to an inclusive model.
If the schools just rely on all the other levels to see to it that inclusive education is properly and effectively implemented.
List the levels/layers of Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological model (5)
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
Explain the Microsystem (6)
- The immediate environment to the children
- Includes school, family & peers.
- Child interacts directly with others
- System where children learn about world
- System should support feelings of learner by supporting and protecting them
- It can create learning barriers that can come from unsupportive home or school.
Explain the Mesosystem (5)
- Is relationship that develops between 2 or more of the individuals’ microsystems
- Affects learner indirectly through interaction in microsystem
- For example relationship between home and school and peers
- Experiences at home can influence experiences with child & teachers & peers.
- Unsupportive home doesn’t support child’s emotional needs & can create learning barriers.
Explain the Exosystem (3)
- affects child indirectly through how it affects meso & micro systems.
- Has influence on child’s experiences.
- Example: education policies & programme components.
Explain the Macrosystem (2)
- dominant social & economic structures & values, attitudes, beliefs and ideologies of cultures & societies.
- Example discrimination, inequality.E
Explain the Chrono system (2)
- is time & how it relates to interactions between systems & the influences they have on individual. 2.Examples: child development, generation gap between siblings and other members of family. Phasing in of outcome based education curriculum happened over a period of time and created both barriers & opportunities.
Discuss Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model (7)
- created complex ecological model
- there are different layers/ levels of interacting systems/environments.
- they affect and are affected by one another.
- these systems directly or indirectly influence a child’s holistic development.
- Certain factors in the different systems/ environments may create learning barriers.
- All systems need to work together to benefit learner at different levels.
- The systems are nested in one another and start with the microsystems, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.
Explain Education Structure at National Level (5)
1 Promotes & provides education for all
2 Promotes inclusive framework for country
3 Develops policy on Inclusive Education
4 Provides schools with national policies that governs them
5 Gives support & guidelines to provinces
6 Works with other departments such as department of health for things like wheelchairs for learners.
7 Allocates physical & human resources
Explain Education Structure at Provincial Level (5)
1 Allocates funds from National level for buildings of schools
2 Helps with process of employing educators who fit the national requirements
3 Controls & monitors school budgets through districts
4 Ensures budget received from national level is properly spent
5 Provides experts who act as consultants through the districts
6 Ensures policies are implemented as expected
Explain Education Structure at District Level (5)
District Level
1 manages learning support
2 Evaluates & supports schools
3 Helps make schooling more accessible to children who live far away or outside the system.
4 Provides learning programmes & learning support material
5 Identifies & coordinates learning needs
6 Capacitates (Equips with skills) schools.
