education studies and key individuals

Question 1

experience on education - class

what is the archer et al - nike identities study?

Answer 1

a study conducted to investigate the low rates of participation in higher education by working class and minority ethnic students

Question 2

experience on education - class

archer et al - nike identities explained:

Answer 2

1. the working class created their own class identity opposite to the middle class
2. this opposite culture involved lots of branded sportswear such as nike
3. the nike style played a part in the working class rejection as it was seen as unrealistic for the working class to wear a brand like nike and it didnt fit in with the working class habitus (eg cant afford brands on student loan)

Question 3

experience on education - class

in archer et al nike identities why did the working class react by wearing nike?

Answer 3

they reacted by wearing nike as it was seen as unrealistic for the working class to wear a brand like nike and it didnt fit in with the working class habitus (eg cant afford brands on student loan)

Question 4

experience on education - class

what did archer et al find in their nike identities study?

Answer 4

they found that working class students who adopted ‘nike identities’ didnt necessarily want to go to university because they either feel university is for the middle class not for them as a ‘nike person’ or it doesnt fir their identity and way of life

Question 5

experience on education - class

what is the problem with working class students adopting nike identities?

Answer 5

the working class students further marginalise themselves in education by adopting nike identities as the students would wear trainers into school or makeup and jewellery which clashed with the teachers

Question 6

experience on education - class

what did Douglas discuss?

Answer 6

parents’ education

Question 7

experience based on class

what did Douglas say about working class parents?

Answer 7

• stated that working class parents place less value on education
• working class parents are less ambitious for their children and give them less encouragement to participate in educational activities such as homework
• many working class parents do not attend parents evening

Question 8

experience on education - class

Bourdieu - cultural capital

Answer 8

those in the middle class possess cultural capital that those in the working class do not, this includes skills, knowledge, norms and values which can be used for gain such as economic gain - some cultural capital is valued more in society such as education (degrees, a levels ect)

Question 9

experience on education - class

why are the middle class advantaged in cultural capital?

Answer 9

1. middle class cultural capital is shared with education so middle class students will have an adantage over working class students
2. parents can convert their cultural capital into economic capital, eg they can send their children to private schools

Question 10

experience on education - class

what is an example of cultural capital that is valued in society?

Answer 10

education (a levels, degrees ect)

Question 11

experience on education - class

Willis the lads (participant observation and informal interviews)

Answer 11

a study conducted on a working class friendship group in their last years of school in an industrial town in the west midlands

Question 12

experience on education - class

what did Willis the lads study find?

Answer 12

1. the lads rebelled against the rules and values of the school and created their own culture of opposition
2. the lads didnt see any value in education
3. the lads viewed themselves as superior and did as little as possible
4. the lads already knew they wanted to do masculine and manual work when they left school

Question 13

experience on education - class

what methods did willis use in the lads study?

Answer 13

participant observation and informal interviews

Question 14

experience on education - class

what does the lads forming their own culture of opposition mean and what theory could this critique?

Answer 14

it means the lads were not shaped by the education system and have free will
- this can critique marxism as it shows that not eveyone is shaped by the system the way capitalism intends and proves individuals have free will

Question 15

experience based on class

explain anti-school subcultures

Answer 15

. those who are labelled as unintelligent or seen as unworthy by the education sytem are more likely to become part of an anti-school subculture
. working class students may not see the point of education unlike middle class students whose parents see the value in education, meaning working class students may rebel
. working class students often opt for practical skills as they most likely go on to do manual labour - they are more likely to rebel against the long process of school that goes against their need for manual labour/immediate reward

Question 16

experience based on class

what was Bernstein’s concept?

Answer 16

speech codes

Question 17

experience based on class

what is Bernstein’s speech codes?

Answer 17

• the elaborated and restricted code
• the working class use the restricted code whilst the middle class and education use the elaborated code

Question 18

experience based on class

how do differences in speech codes impact the working class according to Bernstein?

Answer 18

• the working class do not use the elaborated code wich is used by teachers, textbooks and exams
• early socialisation into the elaborated code means that middle class pupils are aready at an advantage

Question 19

experience based on class

in what ways can material deprivation impact a students education?

Answer 19

1. poor housing can cause health issues which may impact a students ability to work
2. crowded housing may impact on a students sleep or ability to study in a quiet space or space of their own
3. families in temporary accomodation may move frequently which could disturb a childs education
4. young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals which could cause poor health and absenses from school

Question 20

experience based on class

is material deprivation an internal or external factor of class differences in achievement?

Answer 20

external factor

Question 21

experience based on class

name the external factors which may cause class differences in achievement

Answer 21

• cultural capital (cultural factor)
• material deprivation (material factor)
• cultural deprivation (cultural factor)

Question 22

experience based on class

what are some internal factors on class differences in achievement?

Answer 22

• labelling
• pupil subcultures and identities
• banding and streaming

Question 23

experience based on class

what does Becker’s labelling theory say about class and education?

Answer 23

• Becker suggests that teachers judge and label pupils based on how closely they fit the ‘ideal pupil’

Question 24

experience based on class

what does Becker say the impact may be on those who do not fit the ‘ideal pupil’?

Answer 24

• teachers may defer their time away from those who they do not percieve to be the ideal pupil - this may impact their academic achievement

Question 25

# experience based on class who is most likley to be labelled as the 'ideal pupil'?

Answer 25

- white middle class pupils - those who are working class of minority ethnic are least likely to fit the ideal pupil

Question 26

# experience based on class what is the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

Answer 26

- when students are given a positive label, they create a positive self concept, so their grades and motivation increase - when students are given negative labels, they have less motivation and have a negative self concept

Question 27

# experience based on class what did Gilborn and Youdell find about streaming?

Answer 27

- teachers labelled working class students as unintelligent, resullting in them being placed in lower streams and sets - working class and black students were more likely to be placed in lower sets, even when completing the same work and maintaining the same results

Question 28

# experience based on class what is typing?

Answer 28

a process where teachers put students into certain types when they know very little about their students

Question 29

# experience based on class what did Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor say the 3 stages of typing are?

Answer 29

1. specultion 2. elaboration - testing the hypothesis 3. stabilisation - teachers feel like they know the student

Question 30

# experience based on class according to Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor, who are teachers more likely to speculate about who?

Answer 30

teachers are more likely to speculate about ethnic monorities and the working class

Question 31

# globalisation ohmae on globalisation

Answer 31

- says political borders have become less significant as so the government have less control over what information goes in/out of the country - concerned with the significant of globalisation for larger corperations - says the interlinked economy is becoming too powerful that it has swallowed most consumers and corperations

Question 32

# globalisation Sklair on globalisation

Answer 32

1. accept that globalisation is prevalent in some parts of the world and that it has had a large impact on the world 2. sees globalisation as mainly negative as it has caused the crisis of class polarisation and the crisis of ecological unsustainability

Question 33

# globalisation what does Sklair mean by the crisis of class polarisation?

Answer 33

the crisis of class polarisation is the growing inequality between and within nations because the rich get richer and the poor get poorer as the rich exploit the poor

Question 34

# globalisation why is the crisis of class polarisation worsened by globalisation according to Sklair?

Answer 34

the crisis of class polarisation is worsened by globalisation because the winners exploit the global market whilst the losers get poorer

Question 35

# globalisation what did Sklair mean by the crisis of ecological unsustainability?

Answer 35

the crisis of ecological unsustainability relates to resources being used too quickly and the ecological system such as rivers suffering due to globalisation (the need to meet demands) through pollution, over fishing ect

Question 36

# globalisation Giddens on socialisation

Answer 36

1. Giddens says globlisation is the intensification of worldwide social relationships which means events happening in one place can occur many miles away 2. Giddens says the main feature of globalisation is 'a decoupling of space and time' meaning the world seems smaller and more condensed 3. national boundaries are becoming less significant 4. those interracting with eachother dont have to be present in the same place to do so

Question 37

# globalisation what does Giddens say the centeral feature of globalisation is?

Answer 37

'the decoupling of space and time' - which makes the world seem smaller and more condensed

Question 38

# globalisation what impacts has globalisation had on education?

Answer 38

1. May learn about other cultures and countries - as globalisation happens, western culture may take over other cultures in history 2. taking at least one language may be compulsory due to the widespread of languages as globalisation has happened 3. May be more universal topics due to globalisation as knowledge and ideas are shared such as climate change 4. the approach in education may differ as the government is able to look at other countries teaching techniques if they are paticularly sucessful in a subject

Question 39

# globalisation name at least 2 advantages of globalisation

Answer 39

+ globalisation has broken barriers between societies and nations which has made services, goods ect more widely available + nations can trade to get resources they would not otherwise be able to get hold of eg tropical fruit + globalisation has created job opportunities - the european parliament reported more than 38 mil jobs in the eu were supported by exports to countries outside of the eu + globalisation allows countries to use their resources or goods as a form of income, this is especially helpful for less devloped countries

Question 40

# globlisation name at least 2 advantages of globalisation on education

Answer 40

1. universities recruiting more international students will have higher income which means universities will have more money to upgrade their resources 2. students from minority ethnic groups may feel more included as the curriculum has expanded to cover more cultures 3. increased competition for jobs meant that the new labour (1997-2001) increased spending on education to try to give children skills to make them stand out 4. globalisation allowed students to continue online learning during covid

Question 41

# globalisation what are some disadvantages of globalisation?

Answer 41

1. some sociologists argue that globalisation is causing/has caused a decline or a lack of culture as western culture has dominated other cultures 2. globalisation has created stronger links between the worlds biggest economies eg japan, USA, UK which could cause a bigger development gap between the more and less developed countries

Question 42

# globalisation what are some disadvantages of globalisation on education?

Answer 42

1. because international students bringing in more money, universities may focus on recruiting international students which may make national students feel unapprechiated and unwanted - may reduce the amount of national students attending university 2. the amount of international students attending uni may increase due to the unis recruiting them which may have a knock on impact on the national students as the amount of places available to them may be decreased - this may cause increased competition for places so the entry requirements may be raised to combat this

Question 43

# experience based on gender spender

Answer 43

- argued that knowledge is male and boys recieve more attention in the clasroom than girls - education is controlled by men - men use their power to define men's knowledge as powerful and valuable

Question 44

# experience based on gender Swan

Answer 44

- found that boys dominate classroom discussions but girls are better at listening and co-operating - teachers respond more positively to girls and give them more encouragement

Question 45

# experience based on gender what do radical feminists say about gender in school?

Answer 45

- school teachers and textbooks use gendered language - textbooks showcase typical gender roles eg women being presented as housewives

Question 46

# experience based on gender marketisation and gender

Answer 46

- to esure their position on the league table, schools will be more inclied to recruit more able students - girls are generally more sucessful and will therefore be more attractive to schools than boys

Question 47

# experience based on ethnicity what did Wright study?

Answer 47

- ethnographic study of four inner city primary schools - classroom observation of 970 pupils and 57 staff - observation outisde the classroom and interviews with all the observed teachers

Question 48

# experience based on ethnicity what did Wright's study find?

Answer 48

- despite staff wanting equality, discrimination still occured - african caribbean rastafarian children were seen as a threat to classroom management by some teachers - Asian children were largely exclued from group discussion in nursery units as teachers assumed their english would be poor - teachers would make insensitive comments about Asian students

Question 49

# experience based on ethnicity Archer - muslim boys

Answer 49

- examined how Muslim boys saw themselves their school and theor future

Question 50

# experience based on ethnicity what did Archer find in her Study of Muslim boys?

Answer 50

- they all identified themselves as Muslims and saw it as a positive masculine identity - most of them felt they did not belong in England nor in their conunties of origin - many planned on persuing higher education - they largely identitified themsleves as Black rather than being Asian and adopted parts of black culture into their own

Question 51

# experience based on ethnicity what did Connoly find on black pupils?

Answer 51

- that teachers were more likley to criticise the behaviour of black boys than other groups - black girls were percieved by teachers to be potentially disruptive and more likely to be singled out for punishment - teachers were influenced in their perceptions of black boys by the broader discourses on race and crime

Question 52

# experience based on ethnicity what did Connoly find on Asian pupils?

Answer 52

- teachers had high expectations of the south Asian boys and expected them to be reliable and keep - south Asian girls were seen as likely to be even more obedient and hardworking than south Asian boys and black and white girls

Question 53

# education based on ethnicity and class Gillborn and Youdell 2001

Answer 53

- G.C.S.E Students were placed in sets based on teacher assessment of student ability - Working class and black students were more likely to be in lower sets than middle class, white students even when they had completed the same work and attained the same results - this is due to the teachers beliefs that working class and black individuals were/are unable to achieve the same grade as white middle class

Question 54

# functionalism on education Durkheim view of education:

Answer 54

- education has two main functions: social solidarity and specialist skills

Question 55

# functionalism on education According to Durkheim, how does education create social solidarity?

Answer 55

- education makes individuals feel they are a part of something bigger - this is done through subjects such as history and english which give pupils a sense of identity - collective activities such as assembly and graduation also make individuals feel a sense of community and belonging

Question 56

# functionalism on education how does education perform the function of specialist skills according to Durkheim?

Answer 56

- education allows individuals to learn the specialist skills to fill the diverse division of labour - different education paths eg vocation education, A level and the selection of subjects through A levels and GCSEs allows individuals to develop specialist skills

Question 57

# functionalism on education Davis and Moore

Answer 57

- view education as a tool to select and allocate roles by assessing students skills and abilities to match them with the best suited jobs - they focus on the relationship between education and inequality within society

Question 58

# functionalism on education why do Davis and Moore say it is important for role allocation to be performed by education?

Answer 58

- not every person is equally talented so it is necessary for education to allocate important and complex jobs such as pilots and surgeons to those who are capable

Question 59

# functionalism on education Parsons - outline basic ideas

Answer 59

- education performs secondary socialisation - education is meritocratic - education is a bridge between the family and wider society

Question 60

# functionalism on education how does Parsons say that education prepares individuals for wider society?

Answer 60

- education prepares students for wider society by judging them using universalistic standards

Question 61

# functionalism on education what are the two values that education promotes according to Parsons?

Answer 61

1. education promotes the value of achievement and reward 2. education promotes the value of equality of opportunity

Question 62

# functionalism on education What do Parsons and Durkheim both agree on?

Answer 62

Parsons and Durkheim both agree that education allocates individuals to their future work roles based on their talents and abilities

Question 63

# marxism on education Willis the lads - basic overview

Answer 63

- working class boys in their last years of school - formed antischool subculture - saw themselves as superior to those who conformed to education - wanted to go on to do masculine and manual work

Question 64

# marxism on education Bowles and Gintis - the hidden curriculum

Answer 64

- argue that there is a hidden curriculum in education - the hidden curriculum is not the content but in the experience of attending school

Question 65

# marxism on education how do bowles and gintis say that the hidden curriculum shapes the work force?

Answer 65

1. it produces a subservient work force of passive and docile workers 2. the hidden curriculum encourages the acceptance of heirarchy

Question 66

# marxism on education give an example of what the hidden curriculum can teach students

Answer 66

- students can be taught how to sit still - students can be taught how to concentrate for long periods of time

Question 67

# marxism on education Bernstein speech codes

Answer 67

- there is a restricted code and elaborated code - the restricted code is used by the working class and the elaborated code is used by the middle class and in education

Question 68

# marxism on education Althuser

Answer 68

- the education system performs two functions: 1. reproduction - reproduces class inequality 2. legitimation - the education system convinces people that inequality is inveitable

Question 69

# new right on education new right

Answer 69

- new rightists believe the government should play a lesser role in education - believe in increasing competition in education - believe in the concept of meritocracy and say poverty is a choice - the main role of education is to train a workforce so there should be an emphasis on vocational training

Question 70

# new right on education what do chubb and moe say education has failed to do?

Answer 70

- state education has failed to create equal opportunity because it does not respond to students needs

Question 71

# new right on education what do Chubb and Moe say about the parent and school relationship?

Answer 71

- parents and communities cant do anything about failing schools when the schools are controlled by the state - private schools are generally higher quality because they have a requirement to answer to paying consumers (parents)