education studies and individuals

Question 1

experience on education - class

what is the archer et al - nike identities study?

Answer 1

a study conducted to investigate the low rates of participation in higher education by working class and minority ethnic students

Question 2

experience on education - class

archer et al - nike identities explained:

Answer 2

1. the working class created their own class identity opposite to the middle class
2. this opposite culture involved lots of branded sportswear such as nike
3. the nike style played a part in the working class rejection as it was seen as unrealistic for the working class to wear a brand like nike and it didnt fit in with the working class habitus (eg cant afford brands on student loan)

Question 3

experience on education - class

in archer et al nike identities why did the working class react by wearing nike?

Answer 3

they reacted by wearing nike as it was seen as unrealistic for the working class to wear a brand like nike and it didnt fit in with the working class habitus (eg cant afford brands on student loan)

Question 4

experience on education - class

what did archer et al find in their nike identities study?

Answer 4

they found that working class students who adopted ‘nike identities’ didnt necessarily want to go to university because they either feel university is for the middle class not for them as a ‘nike person’ or it doesnt fir their identity and way of life

Question 5

experience on education - class

what is the problem with working class students adopting nike identities?

Answer 5

the working class students further marginalise themselves in education by adopting nike identities as the students would wear trainers into school or makeup and jewellery which clashed with the teachers

Question 6

experience on education - class

bernstein - speach codes

Answer 6

bernstein identified the eblaborated and restricted code - the working class use a restricted code whereas the middle class are socialised into the elaborated code - the elaborated code is used in education

Question 7

experience on education - class

Bourdieu - cultural capital

Answer 7

those in the middle class possess cultural capital that those in the working class do not, this includes skills, knowledge, norms and values which can be used for gain such as economic gain - some cultural capital is valued more in society such as education (degrees, a levels ect)

Question 8

experience on education - class

why are the middle class advantaged in cultural capital?

Answer 8

1. middle class cultural capital is shared with education so middle class students will have an adantage over working class students
2. parents can convert their cultural capital into economic capital, eg they can send their children to private schools

Question 9

experience on education - class

what is an example of cultural capital that is valued in society?

Answer 9

education (a levels, degrees ect)

Question 10

experience on education - class

Willis the lads (participant observation and informal interviews)

Answer 10

a study conducted on a working class friendship group in their last years of school in an industrial town in the west midlands

Question 11

experience on education - class

what did Willis the lads study find?

Answer 11

1. the lads rebelled against the rules and values of the school and created their own culture of opposition
2. the lads didnt see any value in education
3. the lads viewed themselves as superior and did as little as possible
4. the lads already knew they wanted to do masculine and manual work when they left school

Question 12

experience on education - class

what methods did willis use in the lads study?

Answer 12

participant observation and informal interviews

Question 13

experience on education - class

what does the lads forming their own culture of opposition mean and what theory could this critique?

Answer 13

it means the lads were not shaped by the education system and have free will
- this can critique marxism as it shows that not eveyone is shaped by the system the way capitalism intends and proves individuals have free will

Question 14

experience based on class

in what ways can material deprivation impact a students education?

Answer 14

1. poor housing can cause health issues which may impact a students ability to work
2. crowded housing may impact on a students sleep or ability to study in a quiet space or space of their own
3. families in temporary accomodation may move frequently which could disturb a childs education
4. young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals which could cause poor health and absenses from school

Question 15

experience based on class

explain anti-school subcultures

Answer 15

. those who are labelled as unintelligent or seen as unworthy by the education sytem are more likely to become part of an anti-school subculture
. working class students may not see the point of education unlike middle class students whose parents see the value in education, meaning working class students may rebel
. working class students often opt for practical skills as they most likely go on to do manual labour - they are more likely to rebel against the long process of school that goes against their need for manual labour/immediate reward

Question 16

globalisation

ohmae on globalisation

Answer 16

• says political borders have become less significant as so the government have less control over what information goes in/out of the country
• concerned with the significant of globalisation for larger corperations
• says the interlinked economy is becoming too powerful that it has swallowed most consumers and corperations

Question 17

globalisation

Sklair on globalisation

Answer 17

1. accept that globalisation is prevalent in some parts of the world and that it has had a large impact on the world
2. sees globalisation as mainly negative as it has caused the crisis of class polarisation and the crisis of ecological unsustainability

Question 18

globalisation

what does Sklair mean by the crisis of class polarisation?

Answer 18

the crisis of class polarisation is the growing inequality between and within nations because the rich get richer and the poor get poorer as the rich exploit the poor

Question 19

globalisation

why is the crisis of class polarisation worsened by globalisation according to Sklair?

Answer 19

the crisis of class polarisation is worsened by globalisation because the winners exploit the global market whilst the losers get poorer

Question 20

globalisation

what did Sklair mean by the crisis of ecological unsustainability?

Answer 20

the crisis of ecological unsustainability relates to resources being used too quickly and the ecological system such as rivers suffering due to globalisation (the need to meet demands) through pollution, over fishing ect

Question 21

globalisation

Giddens on socialisation

Answer 21

1. Giddens says globlisation is the intensification of worldwide social relationships which means events happening in one place can occur many miles away
2. Giddens says the main feature of globalisation is ‘a decoupling of space and time’ meaning the world seems smaller and more condensed
3. national boundaries are becoming less significant
4. those interracting with eachother dont have to be present in the same place to do so

Question 22

globalisation

what does Giddens say the centeral feature of globalisation is?

Answer 22

‘the decoupling of space and time’ - which makes the world seem smaller and more condensed

Question 23

globalisation

what impacts has globalisation had on education?

Answer 23

1. May learn about other cultures and countries - as globalisation happens, western culture may take over other cultures in history
2. taking at least one language may be compulsory due to the widespread of languages as globalisation has happened
3. May be more universal topics due to globalisation as knowledge and ideas are shared such as climate change
4. the approach in education may differ as the government is able to look at other countries teaching techniques if they are paticularly sucessful in a subject

Question 24

globalisation

name at least 2 advantages of globalisation

Answer 24

+ globalisation has broken barriers between societies and nations which has made services, goods ect more widely available
+ nations can trade to get resources they would not otherwise be able to get hold of eg tropical fruit
+ globalisation has created job opportunities - the european parliament reported more than 38 mil jobs in the eu were supported by exports to countries outside of the eu
+ globalisation allows countries to use their resources or goods as a form of income, this is especially helpful for less devloped countries

Question 25

globlisation

name at least 2 advantages of globalisation on education

Answer 25

1. universities recruiting more international students will have higher income which means universities will have more money to upgrade their resources
2. students from minority ethnic groups may feel more included as the curriculum has expanded to cover more cultures
3. increased competition for jobs meant that the new labour (1997-2001) increased spending on education to try to give children skills to make them stand out
4. globalisation allowed students to continue online learning during covid

Question 26

globalisation

what are some disadvantages of globalisation?

Answer 26

1. some sociologists argue that globalisation is causing/has caused a decline or a lack of culture as western culture has dominated other cultures
2. globalisation has created stronger links between the worlds biggest economies eg japan, USA, UK which could cause a bigger development gap between the more and less developed countries

Question 27

globalisation

what are some disadvantages of globalisation on education?

Answer 27

1. because international students bringing in more money, universities may focus on recruiting international students which may make national students feel unapprechiated and unwanted - may reduce the amount of national students attending university
2. the amount of international students attending uni may increase due to the unis recruiting them which may have a knock on impact on the national students as the amount of places available to them may be decreased - this may cause increased competition for places so the entry requirements may be raised to combat this