Education - Social class Flashcards
What are the Internal factors that affect educational achievement between social classes ?
. SFP
. Labelling
. Pupil / teacher interactions
. Subcultures
. Streaming / setting
Who evaluated ‘Streaming and Subcultures’ in social class achievement ?
Mac An Ghali
Willis - ‘The lads’
Mac An Ghali ~ Streaming and subcultures
Identified that students placed in higher streams in education - typically M/C retain the values / stay committed to the values of the school
- in turn falling into a ‘pro-school subculture’
Willis ~ Subcultures
Study on 12 W/C boys - ‘The lads’
. Focused on the 3f’s rather than the rules of education
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They found manual labour work to be more appealing and so fell into an anti-school subculture
Who evaluated Labelling in social class achievement ?
Internationalist Becker
Becker ~ Labelling
Identified labelling to be a process of attaching a label to a student based on their ‘ability’
. Teachers may label students as ‘bright’ or ‘trouble makers’
What is the result of Becker’s ~ Labelling ?
labelling can in turn cause :
. Polarisation into an anti-school subculture
. setting and streaming
. banding
. SFP - self fulfilling prophecy
How does ‘SFP’ affect educational achievement in social classes
As a consequence of labelling - students may feel the need to live up to the constant positive labelling - becoming the ideal student
- Lead to a low self - esteem ~ creating a self-imposed barrier
- Causality of the halo effect
What are the External factors that affect educational achievement between social classes ?
.Cultural deprivation
. Material deprivation
. Cultural capital
What is ‘cultural deprivation’ ?
The lack of norms and values - things that define habitus
What is ‘material deprivation’ ?
The lack of money - lacking neccesities that impact education
What factors make up ‘cultural deprivation’
- Cultural deprivation
. Language
. Speech codes
. W/C Subcultures
. parental interest
. Parental education.
. Cultural capital
Who evaluated ‘Language codes’ in social class achievement ?
Hubbs-Tait El Al
Hubbs-Tait El Al ~ Language codes
Hubbs-Tait El Al argued that :
.M/C parents who used more challenging language with their children - improved their cognitive ability
~ possible due to M/C elaborated speech codes
Whereas W/C had restricted speech codes and as such cannot use more challenging language
Who evaluated ‘Speech codes’ in social class achievement ?
Bernstein
Bernstein ~ speech codes
Bernstein evaluated two different speech codes that divide the classes :
. W/C = restrictive code
- Limited vocabulary + short grammatically simple sentences
. M/C = elaborated code
- Wider vocabulary + grammatically complex sentences
How does the M/C having ‘Elaborated speech codes’ put them at an advantage over the W/C having restricted speech codes ?
Elaborated speech code - M/C is favoured by teachers and exam markers and used in schools - therefore favouring the M/C and ignoring the W/C
Who evaluated ‘W/C subcultures’ in social class achievement ?
Sugarman
Sugarman ~ W/C subcultures
identified that subcultures have 4 Key features that act as barriers to educational success :
. Fatalism = belief in inevitable failure / fate
. Collectivism = rather be a part of a group than succeed as an individual
. Immediate gratification = Would rather feel pleasure now than wait for a better reward
. Present - time orientation = seeing the present as more important than the future
Evaluation of Sugarman’s ‘W/C subcultures’
Not everyone fits in these categories - some people might be in more than 1
Who evaluated ‘Parental education’ in social class achievement ?
Douglas
Douglas ~ Parental Education
Identified that W/C parents place less value on education
- by putting low expectations from their children which in turn causes them to not be encouraged to do their homework
- W/C parents were also less involved in things such as school events and parents evenings
How does Douglas’ ‘parental Education’ affect educational achievement in social classes ?
Who further evaluates on Douglas’ ‘Parental education’ ?
Feinstein
Feinstein ~
Agrees with Douglas’ evaluation - and argues that parental education is the most important factor in achievement
Who evaluated ‘Cultural capital ‘ in social class achievement ?
bourdieu
Bourdieu ~ cultural capital
Identified 3 types of capital :
> Cultural capital
> Educational
> Economic capital
What is Bourdieus ‘Cultural capital’ ?
Represents Knowledge, values, language and abilities of the M/C - like wealth it gives an advantage to those who have it
What is Bourdieus ‘Educational and economical capital’ ?
They support one another as educational capital is more achievable when you have economical wealth and economical wealth is better achieved with educational capital
Who critiques ‘Cultural Deprivation’
Keddie
How does ‘Keddie’ Critique ‘cultural deprivation’
They argue that - ‘Cultural deprivation is a Myth’
. Argued that CD is used as an excuse to explain underachievement for W/C
- Sticks to the idea that a child cannot be deprived of their own culture and that W/C children are culturally different not Culturally deprived
. W/C children fail because the education system supports M/C values which puts W/C at a disadvantage
What factors make up ‘material deprivation’
. Housing
. Fear of debt
. Diet and Health
. FSM - Free school meals
. Cost / hidden cost of education
. Mental health
How is ‘Housing’ a factor of educational achievement in social classes
Overcrowding in households negates a students ability to study and complete homework in a ‘stable’ environment.
- as such they fall behind in educational content
Who evaluated ‘Fear of debt’ in social class achievement ?
How is ‘FSM’ a factor of educational achievement in social classes
People that are illegible for FSM typically do worse in school in comparison to those who are not
Evaluation of FSM
Free school means allow children to get the nutrition they need at school to keep them focusing on their work
- however, some children deny FSM because of Stigmatisation
Who evaluated ‘Diet and health in social class achievement ?
Marilyn Howard
Marilyn Howard ~ Diet and Health
Identified that people of low income households ingest less nutrients and vitamins - in turn this affects physical health = more absences from school
Who evaluated ‘Cost of education in social class achievement ?
. Teressa Smith and Micheal Noble
. David Bull
Teressa Smith and Micheal Noble ~ Cost of education
Argue that poverty is a barrier to education and puts those less fortunate - W/C - at a disadvantage
David bull ~ Cost of education
Identified the ‘secondary costs’ of education that further present a barrier to education for the W/C - known as the : ‘cost of free living’
. Transport
. Uniform
. Notebooks / Textbooks
How is the ‘Cost of education ‘ a factor of educational achievement in social classes
. W/C cannot afford private schooling
. M/C have more access to textbooks / knowledge
. Usage of internet may be limited for the W/C
Perry and Francis ~ Educational achievement
Argue that social class remains the strongest predictor of educational achievement
Micheal Gove ~ Rich and poor children
“Rich thick kids do better than poor clever kids even before they start school”
