Education- Policy Flashcards
(1) Comprehensivisation
(2) New vocationalism
(1) Labour 1964-1979- mixed ability teaching
(2) Conservatives 1979-1997- to promote practical skills, reduce high youth unemployment
The tripartite system
(1) grammar schools- academic education
(2) secondary modern
(3) technical colleges- not universal
1988 Education Reform Act featured:
Ofsted inspections, exam league tables, funding formula, sponsorships, open enrolment,
Marketisation
Schools run like business, increase in competition and choice, have to attract customers
Parentocracy
Power shifts away from teachers to parents, encourages diversity and gives parental choice
Parental choice is a myth- social class(more knowledge of the education system), catchment areas, selection by mortgage
Funding formula
Based on how many pupils schools attract- certain amount of money per student
National college for school leadership
New labour policy, developed to improve head teacher standard, improving quality of workforce to secure high standards of behaviour and attendance
Educational triage
Gillbourn and Youdell
(1) those who will pass anyway
(2) those with the potential to pass/borderlines
(3) hopeless cases
Because of the A to C economy, teachers tend to focus on the borderlines
This leads to mostly negative labelling
Selection by mortgage
Aspiring people not financially advanced can’t get their children into good schools because they don’t live within the expensive, middle class catchment areas
Will Bartlett
(1) silt shifting- off loading pupils with learning difficulties who are expensive to teach and will get poor results
(2) cream skimming- selecting higher ability pupils who gain the best results and are not expensive to teach
Compensatory education definition
New Labour
Tackling problems of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas
Compensatory education featured:
Education action zones, education mainlanders allowance, aim higher programme, city academies
EAZs
Education action zones- late 90s, more money for deprived, underachieving areas
EMA
Education maintenance allowance- students under a certain home income in full time education got extra money if they attended college Encouraged poorer students to attend college- increase in diversity of social class Has now been abolished- increase inequality and teenagers don't want to stay as much (it is now compulsory however attitudes towards education would change)
City academies
Directly funded by the government but not under the education local authority, these academies were created in low achieving areas to raise standards, usually specialist schools intending to be “creative” and “innovative”- schools were able to focus in their good skills
Academies under the coalition completely changed increasing inequality
Marxists would say that academies were created for the bourgeoise as sponsors were able to influence the curriculum and ethos
Aim higher
Programme that provided information to encourage children to consider the benefits of higher education, aimed at children whose parents didn’t go onto higher education
Has now been abolished
Diversification and specialisation
New labour- schools were encouraged to apply for specialist school status, by 2007 85% of secondary schools were specialist schools, results were better in specialist schools
Specialist schools offer greater choice and raise standards by enabling schools to build on their strengths
Unclear if it reduced inequality
Post-fordism
Response to de-industrialisation- (Thompson) schools can break free from the oppressive uniformity/mass education system, education has become customise to meet different needs of society (faith schools, range of subject choices, specialist schools), adapted skills are needed for the advanced technology
Critics of post-fordism argue that diversity is over exaggerated (national curriculum)
New Labor proposal
To raise leaving age to 18 by 2015 so there would be no NEETs, this has been changed in 2013 by the coalition
Students are now forced to continue with education
Trowler
Increased funding of state education, raising standards and focusing on a ‘learning society. Is evidence of Labour’s commitment to reductions educational inequality
Free schools
All ability state funded which are set up by groups of parents, teachers charities etc in order to improve education, directly funded by the central government
Free schools tend to be selective and there will be a greater underlying segregation between the rich and the poor (lower rates of pupils eligible for free school meals in free schools)
Coalition academies
Funds are direct from central government and not under the control of the local education authority- money that has been held back by the LEA can be used to provide extra services for children with special education needs for example (range from 4-10% of all funds)
This increases diversity in the aspect of ability
