Education = gender Girls achievement Flashcards

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1
Q

What gender in the past used to out-perform the other?

A

Boys used to out-perform girls in education, but since the 1980’s girls are now better than boys in most subjects.

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2
Q

What gender is more likely to go into higher education?

A

Girls are more likely and also achieve better in A-levels allowing access to higher education.

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3
Q

What are external factors?

A

Factors outside the education system e.g. home and family, job market and wider society.

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4
Q

What are internal factors?

A

Factors within schools e.g. effect of schools equal opportunities policies.

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5
Q

What influence has feminism had on girls’ education?

A

Changes in law e.g. equal pay, outlawing rape in marriage. Also affected girls’ self-image and aspirations.

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6
Q

Who said that women’s goals of marriage, children and family in 1970’s, switched to career and independence in 1990’s?

A

Sharpe (1994)

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7
Q

What did Francis (2001) say about girls changing perceptions and ambitions?

A

Girls now had high career aspirations and so needed educational qualifications.

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8
Q

Who argued that independence is valued more than in the past for women and career is part of women’s life project?

A

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (2001)

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9
Q

What did Fuller (2011) say about girls aim in their career?

A

Girls want a career to support themselves, but those of W/C with poor job aspects still focus on marriage and children - traditional identity.

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10
Q

Since the 1970’s what was the percentage of increase in divorce rates compared to now?

A

40% of marriages now end in divorce.

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11
Q

What percentage of families are lone parent and female headed?

A

Over 90%

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12
Q

Is there more cohabitation since the 1970’s or first marriages?

A

More cohabitation, less first marriages.

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13
Q

Has there been an increase or decrease in women having smaller families and also staying single?

A

Increase in smaller families and single women.

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14
Q

Do women now have more independence than they did in the 1970’s?

A

Yes, due to the rise in career and further education opportunities for women, meaning they can be independent.

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15
Q

What changes in the law, helped change women’s career prospects?

A

The 1970 Equal pay act and the 1975 sex discrimination act. Since then the pay gap has almost halved between men and women.

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16
Q

Why does equal pay mean girls are more likely to gain qualifications?

A

There is an incentive as they are likely to earn more money than before and can become independent from it.

17
Q

What programmes have been introduced encourage equal education opportunities?

A

GIST and WISE (encouraging girls into science and technology) and the national curriculum meaning girls and boys study the same subjects.

18
Q

Is education now, more meritocratic?

A

Meritocracy is now seen more in education because of equal opportunity based on girls now having more equal opportunities.

19
Q

What has the increase in female teacher role models provided for young girls?

A

They provide pro-educational role models and it feminises the learning environment encouraging school as a female gender domain. Success in education is a desirable female characteristic.

20
Q

According to Mitsos and Browne (1998) what gender does better in coursework?

A

Girls do better than boys as they are more conscientious and organised as they mature earlier.

21
Q

What sociologist found that gender gap increased when in 1988 GCSE was introduced?

A

Gorard (2005) this is because coursework was introduced in most subjects.

22
Q

Were learning materials seen as equal in gender before the 1980’s?

A

Many textbooks and other learning materials unrepresented women and portrayed them as subordinate to men e.g. domestic roles and unsuited to certain subjects.

23
Q

What happened in the 1980’s that brought equality in learning materials for education?

A

Many of the sexist images found in the materials were replaced with positive images of females, and encouraging girls to raise their aspirations.

24
Q

What did Spender (1983) say about teacher attention?

A

Teachers spent more time with boys than girls. However recent studies suggest girls may benefit more than boys.

25
Q

Who found that teachers paid girls and boys same amount of attention academically, but boys more for bad behaviour?

A

French and French (1993)

26
Q

What did Francis (2001) find about teacher attention?

A

Although boys had more attention, they were punished more harshly and felt teachers had lower expectations of them.

27
Q

What did Swann (1998) find about teacher attention?

A

Boys dominate class discussions and girls prefer group work and are better and listening. Teachers therefore respond more positively to girls.

28
Q

What gender is more attractive to schools in terms of league tables?

A

Girls because they are usually more successful than boys.

29
Q

What do schools see boys as?

A

Because boys are usually lower- achieving and badly behaved, schools see them as liabilities who could give them a bad image and produce poor results for league tables.

30
Q

How many times more likely are boys to be excluded?

A

4 times more than girls.

31
Q

According to Archer why do working-class girls underachieve?

A

Conflict between their feminine identities and schools habitus = face a choice to have symbolic capital from peers or educational capital conforming to middle class notions of ideal female pupils.

32
Q

How does Hyper-heterosexual feminine identities cause W/C girls to underachieve?

A

Obtain glamorous identities to earn symbolic capital from peers but cause conflict with school policies.

33
Q

How do schools commit Symbolic violence?

A

By defining the W/C girls culture of glamorous identities as worthless.

34
Q

What impact do having boyfriends have on girls underachievement?

A

They bring symbolic capital but get in the way of schoolwork and lower girl’s aspirations.

35
Q

What impact do W/C girls cause being ‘Loud’?

A

Adopting outspoken, assertive identities. Teachers see this as aggressive.

36
Q

What impact do W/C girls have on being ‘Ladettes’?

A

Adopting a tomboyish, ‘Nike’ identity, being sporty, truanting and getting excluded.

37
Q

What did Evans (2009) find about W/C girls being successful?

A

Found they may still be disadvantaged by their class and gender. Girls want to go to uni to increase earning power and help their families.

38
Q

What limits W/C girls from being successful?

A

The cost of living away and fear of debt, limiting their choices and future earning power.