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Sociology > Education- Gender differences > Flashcards

Education- Gender differences Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what was shown in 2013 in relation to teacher assessments in starting school

A

girls bested boys by between 7-17 percentage points

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2
Q

what is shown in key stages 1-3

A

girls do significantly better than males

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3
Q

what is the gender gap in achievement at GCSE

A

10 percentage points

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4
Q

what percentage of boys/girls attained A or B grades

A

girls- 46.8%
boys- 42.2%

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5
Q

what are 5 external factors

A

-impact of feminism
-changes in family
-changes in women employment
-girls changing ambitions
-class and gender

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6
Q

what has the impact of feminism been

A

challenged view women have expressive role shown with change in magazines now promotes image of strong assertive women

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7
Q

what impact has changes in the family had

A

increased number of female-headed lone parent families means they must take on instrumental role creating that as the new role for women

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8
Q

what impact have changes in womens employment had

A

1970 Equal Pay act makes it illegal to pay women less for same job as a man and proportion of women in employment has risen from 57% (1971) to 67% (2013)

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9
Q

what impact have changes in girls changing ambitions had (study)

A

Sharp (1994) showed how in 1974, girls saw educational achievement as unfeminine and appearing ambitious was unattractive, whereas now they see it as empowering and as a tool to shape their own futures

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10
Q

what impact have changes in class and gender had (study)

A

Reay (1998) argues girls’ aspirations based on job opportunities they see as available
O’Connor (2006) shows how girls now dont see marriage and children as a huge part of their life

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11
Q

what are 6 internal factors in achievement

A

-equal opportunity policies
-positive role models
-GCSE and coursework
-teacher attention
-challenging stereotypes
-selection and league tables

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12
Q

what impact have changes in equal opportunity policies had

A

belief boys and girls are entitled to same opportunities is mainstream policies such as GIST and WISE encourage careers in non traditional areas

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13
Q

what impact have changes in positive role models had

A

increase in female teachers and heads act as role models for children showing them women can get to positions of power

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14
Q

what impact have changes in GCSE and coursework had

A

Stephen and Graham (2005) found gender gap from 1975-1989 was consistent until it increased sharply, coinciding with the into of GCSEs

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15
Q

what is a challenge to GCSE and coursework

A

Elwood (2005) argues its ultimately due to exams having much more influence than coursework

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16
Q

what impact have changes in teacher attention had

A

Jane and Peter French (1993) found boys got more attention as they attracted more reprimands
Swann (1998) found boys typically led group discussions whilst girls preferred to work in pairs

17
Q

what impact have changes in challenging stereotypes in curriculum had

A

Weiner (1995) argues since 80s, teachers have challenged stereotypes portraying women as having expressive role and sexist views having been removed from curriculums

18
Q

what impact have changes in selection and league tables had

A

created more competitive markets seeing girls as more desirable recruits

19
Q

what is the liberal feminist view on the progress

A

celebrate progress and believe further progress can be made by continuing development of equal opportunity policies

20
Q

what is the liberal feminist view similar to

A

functionalist view that education is a meritocracy

21
Q

what is the radical feminist view on progress

A

do recognise progress, but still focus on how it reinforces patriarchy putting men at the top through sexual harassment, education still limiting choice for girls and women being underrepresented in curriculum

22
Q

what does Archer (2010) argue

A

symbolic capital- girls identities and values most match those of the school

23
Q

what reinforces symbolic capital

A

hyper-heterosexual feminine identities in which girls spend most of their money on clothes and make up that would be seen as feminine and gain them symbolic capital

24
Q

what is the working class girls’ dilema

A

gain symbolic or educational capital

25
Q

how are girls expected to gain educational and symbolic capital

A

symbolic- conforming to hyper-heterosexual identity
educational- rejecting working class identity and conforming to schools ideal pupil

26
Q

what did Evans (2009) show

A

most girls in the study wanted to go to uni to increase earning power to be able to provide for families

27
Q

what are factors affecting boys in education

A

-literacy
-globalisation and decline of traditional mens role
-feminisation of education
-shortage of male primary school teachers

28
Q

who attacks claims culture of primary is becoming feminised and what was identified

A

Barbara Read (2008) identified two types of language: disciplinarian and liberal discourse

29
Q

what is the disciplinarian discourse

A

teachers authority is made explicit and visible

30
Q

what is the liberal discourse

A

teachers authority is implicit and invisible, teacher speaks to children as if they are adults and expects normal principles

31
Q

what did Epstein (1998) find

A

working class boys more likely to be harassed or labelled as sissies. Boys cared more than girls about being labelled by peers

32
Q

what are 4 explanations of gender differences in subject choice

A

-gender role socialisation
-gendered subject images
-gender identity and peer pressure
-gendered career opportunities

33
Q

what impact has changes in gender socialisation had

A

Norman (1988) notes from an early age boys and girls are dressed differently, given different toys and encouraged to partake in different activities

34
Q

what are examples of gendered subject images

A

science, sport and computer studies seen to be more masculine whereas english, history and art seen to be more feminine

35
Q

how do gendered subject images and peer pressure link

A

boys feel more pressure to pick masculine subject and girls more feminine subjects

Sociology (8 decks)

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