Education - Ethnicity Flashcards
External Factors - Ethnicity
Which two theorists said that intellectual and linguistic skills affect achievement?
Bereiter and Engelmann
Gilborn and Mirza (2000)
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Bereiter and Engelmann say about language?
Low-income black American families is inadequate and deficient
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Gilborn and Mirza (2000) find about Indian pupils.
That they do well and achieve in school despite not speaking English at home
External Factors - Ethnicity
What 5 sociologists talk about family structure and parental support?
- Moynihan (1965)
- Murray (1984)
- Pryce (1979)
- Sewell (2009)
- Lupton (2004)
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Moynihan (1965) find about black families?
Because many black families are headed by a lone woman, children are given inadequate care (financial) and boys lack a male role model
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Murray (1984) say about lone parenthood?
A high rate of lone parenthood contributes to the underachievement of ethnic minorities
External Factors - Ethnicity
How did Pryce (1979) compare Asian and Black Caribbean cultures?
Asian cultures are more resistant to racism because their families give them greater self worth than those of Black Caribbean pupils’
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Sewell (2009) find about male role models (in response to Murray)?
It is not a lack of male role models but in fact a lack of ‘tough love’ - he suggests that this is then given by gangs
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Lupton (2004) find about both Asian and white working class pupils?
- Adult authority in Asian families is similar to the model that operates in schools
- White working-class schools show poorer levels of behaviour
External Factors - Ethnicity
Who are two sociologists that criticise cultural deprivation?
External Factors - Ethnicity
Who are two sociologists that criticise cultural deprivation?
External Factors - Ethnicity
How does Driver (1977) criticise cultural deprivation theory?
It ignores the positive affects ethnicity can have on education
- the black caribbean family could provide girls with a strong positive role model
External Factors - Ethnicity
How does Lawrence (1982) criticise cultural deprivation theory?
Says that black pupils underachieve because of racism, not low self esteem
External Factors - Ethnicity
Which sociologist studied material deprivation?
Palmer (2012)
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Palmer (2012) find about material deprivation?
- Almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low-income households
- Ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed than whites
- Ethnic minority households are three times more likely to be homeless
- Almost half of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned under £7
External Factors - Ethnicity
Give some reasons as to why ethnic minorities are at greater risk of the effects of material deprivation.
- Many live in economically depressed areas with higher unemployment and low wages
- Asylum seekers may not be allowed to take work
- Racial discrimination in the house and labour markets
External Factors - Ethnicity
In 2011 what percentage of Chinese girls achieved five or more GCSEs, and what does this tell us?
- 86%
- It tells us that maybe ethnicity can override the effects of class and material deprivation
External Factors - Ethnicity
What does Modood (2004) say about the effects of low/ income?
The effects of lower income are much worse for white pupils than any other ethnicity
External Factors - Ethnicity
Which 2 sociologists studied racism in wider society?
- Rex (1986)
- Woods et al (2010)
External Factors - Ethnicity
What was Woods et al’s (2010) study and what did they find?
- They sent three closely matched job applications to 1000 job vacancies
- Only 1 in 16 times was the ethnic minority given an interview
External Factors - Ethnicity
What did Rex (1986) say about racism in wider society?
Racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Name 4 sociologists that studied labelling and teacher racism.
- Gillborn and Youdell (2000)
- Bourne (1994)
- Foster (1990)
- Wright (1992)
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did Gillborn and Youdell (2000) find about labelling and teacher racism?
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did Gillborn and Youdell (2000) find about labelling and teacher racism?
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did Bourne (1994) find about labelling and teacher racism?
- Schools see black pupils as a threat and exclude them as a result
- 1 in 5 excluded pupils achieve five GCSEs
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did Foster (1990) find about labelling and teacher racism?
Teachers’ stereotypes result in black pupils being placed in lower streams
What did Wright (1992) find about labelling and teacher racism?
Asian pupils are left out of discussion and talked to simplistically because teachers assume they have a poor grasp of English
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Who studied pupil identities?
Archer (2008)
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What are the three pupil identities identified by Archer (2008)?
- Ideal pupil: White, middle class, masculine, normal sexuality
- Pathologized pupil: Asian ‘deserving poor’, feminine, oppressed sexuality
- Demonised pupil: black or white, working class, unintelligent, peer-led
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What 4 sociologists studied pupil responses and subcultures?
- Fuller (1994)
- Mac an Ghaill (1992)
- Mirza (1992)
- Sewell (2009)
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Briefly outline Fuller’s (1994) study and what they found.
- Studied a group of high achieving Y11 black girls in a london comprehensive
- Girls rejected negative labels
- Relied on their own efforts for academic validation
- Only conformed as far as schoolwork
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Briefly outline Mac an Ghaill’s (1992) study and his findings.
- Studied Black and Asian A level students
- Student did not necessarily accept their negative label
- How they responded to labels depended on factors like their ethnic group and gender
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Briefly outline Mirza’s (1992) study and findings.
- Studied ambitious black girls who faced racism
- Found that a large majority of teachers held racist attitudes
- Identified three main types of teacher racism
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What are the three types of teacher racism, according to Mirza (1992)?
- Colour-blind: believe all pupils are equal but allow racism in practice
- Liberal chauvinists: believe black students are cultural deprived
- Overt racists: believe black people are inferior and actively discriminate
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did Sewell (2009) find about pupil responses and subcultures?
Identified four responses to schooling:
- Rebels: most influential, reject goals of school, conformed to ‘black macho lad’
- Conformists: largest group, keen to succeed, accepted schools goals
- Retreatists: minority group who disconnected from both black, school
- Innovators: second largest, pro-education, anti-school
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Who identified two different forms of racism and what are they?
Troyna and Williams (1986)
- Individual: from the prejudiced views of individual teachers and others
- Institutional: discrimination that is built into the way an institution operates
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What is critical race theory?
It sees racism as an ingrained feature of society
- Locked-in inequality: the inequality becomes self-perpetuating
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Who applies locked-in inequality to the education system?
Gillborn (2008)
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Name 2 studies in marketisation and segregation.
- Moore and Davenport (2008)
- The commission for Racial Equality (1993)
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did Moore and Davenport (1990) find about marketisation and segregation?
Secondary school application processes are difficult for non-English parents to understand, and they favoured white pupils
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did the commission for Racial Equality (1993) find about marketisation and segregation?
- Reports from primary schools stereotype minority pupils
- Racist bias in interviews for school places
- Lack of information in minority languages
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What 3 sociologists studied the ethnocentric curriculum?
- David (1993)
- Ball (1994)
- Coard (1971)
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What does David (1993) say about the national curriculum?
It is a ‘specifically British’ curriculum that largely ignores non-European languages
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What does Ball (1994) say about the national curriculum?
- It ignores ethnic diversity
- The history curriculum tries to recreate a ‘mythical age of empire and past glories’
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What does Coard (1971) say about the national curriculum?
The curriculum presents an image of black people as inferior which undermines their self-esteem
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Who studied institutional racism in assessments?
Gillborn (2008)
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What did Gillborn (2008) find about institutional racism in assessments?
Assessments are rigged to validate the dominant culture’s superiority
- Independent baselines were replaced with the FSP in 2003
- Overnight, black pupils appeared to be doing worse than white pupils
- The FSP is based on teacher judgements
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Who studied access to opportunities?
Tikly et al (2006) studied 30 schools in the ‘Aiming High’ initiative to raise Black Caribbean achievement
- Black pupils were nevertheless more likely to be put into the lower tiers than white pupils
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
Name two policies that aim to raise achievement.
- Gifted and Talented: created to meet the needs of more able pupils in inner-city schools
- Aiming High: initiative to raise achievement in Black Caribbean pupils
Internal Factors - Ethnicity
What is the ‘new IQism’?
Teachers see potential as a fixed quality that can be easily measured
- Secondary schools are increasingly only using an old-style IQ test that only shows what pupils know, not what they could
