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Sociology > Education - Class > Flashcards

Education - Class Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

External Factors - Class

What did the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2007) find?

A

By the age of three, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to one year behind

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2
Q

External Factors - Class

Who are four sociologists who studied language?

A
  • Hubbs Tait et al (2002)
  • Feinstein (2008)
  • Bereiter and Engelmann (1966)
  • Bernstein (1975)
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3
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Hubbs tait et al (2002) find about language?

A

Where parents use language to challenge their children, cognitive performance improves

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4
Q

External Factors - Class

How did Feinstein (2008) support Hubbs Tait et al (2002)

A

Educated parents are more likely to use language like Hubbs Tait said and are also more likely to use praise

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5
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) find about language?

A

Working class language is deficient

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6
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Bernstein (1975) find about language?

A

Theorised speech codes:

  • Elaborated code: MC, used in schools and jobs
  • Restricted code: WC
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7
Q

External Factors - Class

What three sociologists studied parent’s education?

A
  • Douglas (1964)
  • Feinstein (2008)
  • Bernstein and Young (1967)
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8
Q

External Factors - Class

What does Douglas (1964) say about parent’s education?

A

Working class parents place less value on education and visited schools less because of it

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9
Q

External Factors - Class

What does Feinstein (2008) say about parent’s education?

A

Middle class parents are better educated and give their children an advantage in how they socialise them

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10
Q

External Factors - Class

What does Bernstein and Young (1967) say about parent’s education?

A

Middle class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and intellectual development

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11
Q

External Factors - Class

Who studied working class subculture?

A
  • Sugarman (1970)
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12
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Sugarman (1970) find about working class subcultures?

A

Working class subculture has four key features:
- Fatalism
- Collectivism
- Immediate gratification
- Present-time orientation

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13
Q

External Factors - Class

What did the DfE (2012) find about poverty and educational achievement?

A

Barely a third of FSM children achieve five or more GCSE’s

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14
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Flaherty (2004) find about money problems and attendance?

A

Money problems are a significant factor in a child’s attendance at school

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15
Q

External Factors - Class

What three sociologists studied the costs of education?

A
  • Bull (1980)
  • Tanner et al (2003)
  • Flaherty (2004)
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16
Q

External Factors - Class

What term did Bull (1980) use?

A

‘The costs of free schooling’

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17
Q

External Factors - Class

what did Tanner et al (2003) find about the costs of education?

A

Costs of items such as uniform and transport places heavy burden on low income families

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18
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Flaherty (2004) find about FSM?

A

Fear of stigmatisation may help to explain why 20% of FSM are not taken up

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19
Q

External Factors - Class

What two sociologists studied housing, diet and health?

A
  • Howard (2001)
  • Wilkinson (1996)
20
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Howard (2001) find about diet and education?

A

Children from poorer homes have poorer nutrition which leads to illness and absence from school

21
Q

External Factors - Class

What does Wilkinson find about health and education?

A

Among ten-year-olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity and conduct disorders

22
Q

External Factors - Class

What three sociologists studied cultural capital?

A
  • Bourdieu (1984)
  • Leech and Campos (2003)
  • Sullivan (2001)
23
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Bourdieu (1984) say about cultural capital?

A

Argues that both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement
There are three types of capital:
- Educational
- Economic
- Cultural

24
Q

External Factors - Class

What do Leech and Campos (2003) find about educational capital?

A

In a study of Coventry, middle class parents are more likely to afford a house in a good schools catchment area

25
Q

External Factors - Class

What did Sullivan (2001) find about cultural capital?

A

Used cultural capital questionnaires with 465 pupils in 4 schools:
Those who scored higher on the questionnaires did better in GCSE’s

26
Q

Internal Factors - Class

Which three sociologists studied labelling?

A
  • Becker (1971)
  • Dunne and Gazeley (2008)
  • Rist (1970)
27
Q

Internal Factors - Class

Briefly outline Becker’s (1971) study and its findings.

A
  • Interactionist study
  • Interviewed 60 Chicago bight school teachers
  • Teachers saw middle class students as closer to the ideal
28
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Dunne and Gazeley (2008) find?

A

Teachers normalised the underachievement of working-class students in secondary schools

29
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Rist (1970) find?

A
  • Teacher’s used students background information in order to put them into groups
  • Working class pupils were put in the ‘Clowns’ group and were seated further away from the teacher
  • Middle class pupils were put in the ‘Tigers’ group and were seated closest to the teacher
30
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What sociologist studied self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

31
Q

Internal Factors - Class

Briefly outline Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) study and findings.

A
  • Created a fake test and gave it to a class, picked 20% of them at random and labelled them ‘spurters’
  • A year later, 47% of the ‘spurters’ had made significant progress
32
Q

Internal Factors - Class

Which two sociologists studied streaming?

A
  • Douglas
  • Gillborn and Youdell (2001)
33
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Douglas find about streaming and IQ?

A

8-year-olds placed in higher streams had improved their IQ score by age 11

34
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Gillborn and Youdell (2001) find about streaming?

A
  • Publishing league tables creates an ‘A-C economy’
  • Teachers are less likely to see working class pupils as having potential thus they put them in lower streams and entered for lower-tier GCSEs
  • Educational triage
35
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What is educational triage?

A
  1. Those who will pass anyway without help
  2. Those with potential and who can be helped to achieve
  3. Hopeless cases, doomed to fail
36
Q

Internal Factors - Class

Which four sociologists studied pupil subcultures?

A
  • Lacey (1970)
  • Hargreaves (1967)
  • Ball (1981)
  • Woods (1979)
37
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Lacey (1970) find about pupil subcultures?

A

Explains how subcultures develop:

  • Differentiation - process of teachers categorising pupils based on how they perceive their ability
  • Polarisation - process of students responding to streaming and moving to one of two extreme ‘poles’ - pro-school or anti-school subcultures
38
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Hargreaves (1967) find?

A

Boys in lower streams are considered triple failures:
They failed their exams, are in lower streams and are labelled ‘worthless louts’

39
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Ball (1981) find?

A

Where a school was in the process of abolishing streaming, the basis for polarisation disappeared along with the anti-school subculture but differentiation remained

40
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Woods (1979) find about pupil subcultures?

A

Argues more responses are possible:
- Ingratiation - the ‘teacher’s pet’
- Ritualism - going through the motions and staying out of trouble
- Retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about
- Rebellion - outright rejection of everything the school stands for

41
Q

Internal Factors - Class

Which five sociologists studied pupils class, identities and the school?

A
  • Bourdieu (1984)
  • Archer (2010)
  • Ingram (2009)
  • Evans (2009)
  • Reay (2005)
42
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What concepts did Bourdieu come up with?

A

-Habitus - ‘dispositions’ and ways of acting shared by a social class
- Symbolic capital - status given by socialised habitus
- Symbolic Violence - the withholding of symbolic capital

43
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Archer (2010) say about nike identities?

A
  • Pupils invest heavily into street styles in response to symbolic violence
  • The school stigmatises working-class identities
  • These pupils are higher education as unrealistic and undesirable
44
Q

Internal Factors - Class

Briefly outline Ingram’s (2009) study and what she found.

A

Studied two groups of boys at a working class Irish catholic school:
- One group passed their 11+ exams and went to a grammar school where they were stigmatised for what they wore
- One group failed their 11+ exams and went to the local secondary school

45
Q

Internal Factors - Class

What did Evans (2009) find about working class girls?

A

They are reluctant to apply to elite universities like Oxbridge over fears that they won’t fit in

Sociology (9 decks)

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