Education - Class Flashcards
External Factors - Class
What did the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2007) find?
By the age of three, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to one year behind
External Factors - Class
Who are four sociologists who studied language?
- Hubbs Tait et al (2002)
- Feinstein (2008)
- Bereiter and Engelmann (1966)
- Bernstein (1975)
External Factors - Class
What did Hubbs tait et al (2002) find about language?
Where parents use language to challenge their children, cognitive performance improves
External Factors - Class
How did Feinstein (2008) support Hubbs Tait et al (2002)
Educated parents are more likely to use language like Hubbs Tait said and are also more likely to use praise
External Factors - Class
What did Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) find about language?
Working class language is deficient
External Factors - Class
What did Bernstein (1975) find about language?
Theorised speech codes:
- Elaborated code: MC, used in schools and jobs
- Restricted code: WC
External Factors - Class
What three sociologists studied parent’s education?
- Douglas (1964)
- Feinstein (2008)
- Bernstein and Young (1967)
External Factors - Class
What does Douglas (1964) say about parent’s education?
Working class parents place less value on education and visited schools less because of it
External Factors - Class
What does Feinstein (2008) say about parent’s education?
Middle class parents are better educated and give their children an advantage in how they socialise them
External Factors - Class
What does Bernstein and Young (1967) say about parent’s education?
Middle class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and intellectual development
External Factors - Class
Who studied working class subculture?
- Sugarman (1970)
External Factors - Class
What did Sugarman (1970) find about working class subcultures?
Working class subculture has four key features:
- Fatalism
- Collectivism
- Immediate gratification
- Present-time orientation
External Factors - Class
What did the DfE (2012) find about poverty and educational achievement?
Barely a third of FSM children achieve five or more GCSE’s
External Factors - Class
What did Flaherty (2004) find about money problems and attendance?
Money problems are a significant factor in a child’s attendance at school
External Factors - Class
What three sociologists studied the costs of education?
- Bull (1980)
- Tanner et al (2003)
- Flaherty (2004)
External Factors - Class
What term did Bull (1980) use?
‘The costs of free schooling’
External Factors - Class
what did Tanner et al (2003) find about the costs of education?
Costs of items such as uniform and transport places heavy burden on low income families
External Factors - Class
What did Flaherty (2004) find about FSM?
Fear of stigmatisation may help to explain why 20% of FSM are not taken up
External Factors - Class
What two sociologists studied housing, diet and health?
- Howard (2001)
- Wilkinson (1996)
External Factors - Class
What did Howard (2001) find about diet and education?
Children from poorer homes have poorer nutrition which leads to illness and absence from school
External Factors - Class
What does Wilkinson find about health and education?
Among ten-year-olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity and conduct disorders
External Factors - Class
What three sociologists studied cultural capital?
- Bourdieu (1984)
- Leech and Campos (2003)
- Sullivan (2001)
External Factors - Class
What did Bourdieu (1984) say about cultural capital?
Argues that both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement
There are three types of capital:
- Educational
- Economic
- Cultural
External Factors - Class
What do Leech and Campos (2003) find about educational capital?
In a study of Coventry, middle class parents are more likely to afford a house in a good schools catchment area
External Factors - Class
What did Sullivan (2001) find about cultural capital?
Used cultural capital questionnaires with 465 pupils in 4 schools:
Those who scored higher on the questionnaires did better in GCSE’s
Internal Factors - Class
Which three sociologists studied labelling?
- Becker (1971)
- Dunne and Gazeley (2008)
- Rist (1970)
Internal Factors - Class
Briefly outline Becker’s (1971) study and its findings.
- Interactionist study
- Interviewed 60 Chicago bight school teachers
- Teachers saw middle class students as closer to the ideal
Internal Factors - Class
What did Dunne and Gazeley (2008) find?
Teachers normalised the underachievement of working-class students in secondary schools
Internal Factors - Class
What did Rist (1970) find?
- Teacher’s used students background information in order to put them into groups
- Working class pupils were put in the ‘Clowns’ group and were seated further away from the teacher
- Middle class pupils were put in the ‘Tigers’ group and were seated closest to the teacher
Internal Factors - Class
What sociologist studied self-fulfilling prophecy?
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)
Internal Factors - Class
Briefly outline Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) study and findings.
- Created a fake test and gave it to a class, picked 20% of them at random and labelled them ‘spurters’
- A year later, 47% of the ‘spurters’ had made significant progress
Internal Factors - Class
Which two sociologists studied streaming?
- Douglas
- Gillborn and Youdell (2001)
Internal Factors - Class
What did Douglas find about streaming and IQ?
8-year-olds placed in higher streams had improved their IQ score by age 11
Internal Factors - Class
What did Gillborn and Youdell (2001) find about streaming?
- Publishing league tables creates an ‘A-C economy’
- Teachers are less likely to see working class pupils as having potential thus they put them in lower streams and entered for lower-tier GCSEs
- Educational triage
Internal Factors - Class
What is educational triage?
- Those who will pass anyway without help
- Those with potential and who can be helped to achieve
- Hopeless cases, doomed to fail
Internal Factors - Class
Which four sociologists studied pupil subcultures?
- Lacey (1970)
- Hargreaves (1967)
- Ball (1981)
- Woods (1979)
Internal Factors - Class
What did Lacey (1970) find about pupil subcultures?
Explains how subcultures develop:
- Differentiation - process of teachers categorising pupils based on how they perceive their ability
- Polarisation - process of students responding to streaming and moving to one of two extreme ‘poles’ - pro-school or anti-school subcultures
Internal Factors - Class
What did Hargreaves (1967) find?
Boys in lower streams are considered triple failures:
They failed their exams, are in lower streams and are labelled ‘worthless louts’
Internal Factors - Class
What did Ball (1981) find?
Where a school was in the process of abolishing streaming, the basis for polarisation disappeared along with the anti-school subculture but differentiation remained
Internal Factors - Class
What did Woods (1979) find about pupil subcultures?
Argues more responses are possible:
- Ingratiation - the ‘teacher’s pet’
- Ritualism - going through the motions and staying out of trouble
- Retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about
- Rebellion - outright rejection of everything the school stands for
Internal Factors - Class
Which five sociologists studied pupils class, identities and the school?
- Bourdieu (1984)
- Archer (2010)
- Ingram (2009)
- Evans (2009)
- Reay (2005)
Internal Factors - Class
What concepts did Bourdieu come up with?
-Habitus - ‘dispositions’ and ways of acting shared by a social class
- Symbolic capital - status given by socialised habitus
- Symbolic Violence - the withholding of symbolic capital
Internal Factors - Class
What did Archer (2010) say about nike identities?
- Pupils invest heavily into street styles in response to symbolic violence
- The school stigmatises working-class identities
- These pupils are higher education as unrealistic and undesirable
Internal Factors - Class
Briefly outline Ingram’s (2009) study and what she found.
Studied two groups of boys at a working class Irish catholic school:
- One group passed their 11+ exams and went to a grammar school where they were stigmatised for what they wore
- One group failed their 11+ exams and went to the local secondary school
Internal Factors - Class
What did Evans (2009) find about working class girls?
They are reluctant to apply to elite universities like Oxbridge over fears that they won’t fit in
