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Education Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is labelling

A

It is attaching a meaning to students (may be labelled as a troublemaker or cooperative)

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2
Q

What can labelling lead to

A

Teachers treating ethnic minority pupils differently, which disadvantages them

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3
Q

What are Positivist

A

They prefer quantitative data (e.g. numbers and statistics) they prefer data to be reliable (can be repeated over again)

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4
Q

What are Interpretivist

A

Prefer qualitative data. They prefer validity over reliability

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5
Q

What does archer (2008) believe about teachers?

A

That teachers have a dominant discourse. Minority students seen as demonetised or pathological

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6
Q

What 3 different students did archer identify?

A
  1. ideal pupil, usually white or middle class seen as high achievers
  2. pathologised pupil, Asian female, oppressed sexuality, quiet hard workers
  3. demonised pupil, black or white, culturally deprived, underachieving
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7
Q

Fuller and Mac an ghaill : rejecting negative labels:

A

Study of black girls who were untypical as they were high achievers, they didn’t except negative labels, they instead channeled their anger into educational success.

They were also friends with less intelligent people and showed a deliberate lack of concern for school and acted like they did no work

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8
Q

What does tony Sewell argue about black boys in education and at home?

A

Argues many black boys lack a positive male role model, he claims this makes them more vulnerable to peer group pressure (gangs etc).

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9
Q

What did Law, Finny and Swan argue about the success of black male student?

A

Found black male students were able to succeed even with odds against them as they were placed in low sets with inexperienced staff.

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10
Q

What does Heidi Safia Mirza argue about how labelling affected black girls?

A

Denies that teacher labelling has the effect of undermining the self esteem of black girls.
48% of black girls said they were their own role models.
The rest said someone black
She found that black girls were willing to work hard

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11
Q

Gender differences in achievement: how do genders succeed differently?

A

Girls tend to succeed more in school. For example at a-level girls are more likely to get higher grades as 46.8% of girls got A or B and only 42.2% of boys did

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12
Q

What did the education act make compulsory in 1889?

A

The state made schooling compulsory for 5-12 year olds in 1889.

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13
Q

Why was the education act passed?

A

Due to industrialisation because an educated work force was needed

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14
Q

What did the butler act introduce?

A

The tripartite system. Three types of schools:

  1. Grammar school
  2. Secondary modern school
  3. Technical school
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15
Q

What are the Advantages of the tripartite system?

A
  • state more involved in education
  • compulsory schooling for 5-13
  • gave sone children opportunities for higher education
  • everyone sits same tests
  • can provide academic route to university
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16
Q

What are the limitations of the tripartite system?

A
  • middle class pupils given academic curriculum to prepare for careers
  • working class only learned basic numeracy and literacy for factory work
  • gender divide
  • girls had to get higher grade to get same opportunities
  • only 1 chance to pass 11+ exam
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17
Q

What is the comprehensive school system?

A 
Introduced to replace the tripartite system, this was introduced in many areas from 1965 onward
It aimed to overcome class divide and to make education become more meritocratic
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18
Q

What are the advantages of the comprehensive school system?

A
  • social integration between class and culture
  • same opportunities for everyone
  • more confidence to progress
  • no 11+ exam
  • more schools built
  • allowed students to develop academically over a period of time
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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of the comprehensive school system?

A
  • grammar schools still existed
  • variety in levels of intelligence
  • gender/race still played a factor in the success of opportunities
  • class divide was still evident
  • fewer chances to take opportunities for the working class
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20
Q

What was the education reform act 1988?

A

Introduced by the conservative government led by Margaret thatcher. It established the idea of a national curriculum for the uk. Introduced key stages with 10 subjects set out and there was a set of core curriculum subjects

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21
Q

What Is marketisation?

A

The process of introducing market forces of customer choice and competition into education, which allowed parents to choose what school their child goes to

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22
Q

What is parentocracy?

A

Literally “rule by parents” the concept is associated with the marketised education system which are based on an ideology of parental choose of school

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23
Q

What is Slit shifting?

A

When Good schools can avoid taking less able students who may get poor results

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24
Q

What Is cream skimming?

A

When good schools can be more selective and recruit high achieving pupils

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25
Q

What is the funding formula?

A

Schools are allocated funds by a formula based on how many pupils they attract, therefore popular schools will get more funding allowing them to afford better teachers and facilities

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26
Q

What policies did the new labour gov of 1997-2010 introduce?

A
  • education action zones
  • the aim higher programme
  • education maintenance allowance
  • increase funding
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27
Q

What policies did the conservative government from 2010 introduce?

A
  • academies, all schools were encouraged to leave local authority control and become academies which gave them control over their own curriculum
  • free schools, funded by the state, run by parents and teachers
  • free school meals
  • pupil premium
28
Q

What is the privatisation of education?

A

It is the transfer of public assets such as school to private companies.
Education becomes a source of profit for capitalists

29
Q

What Is the cola-isation of schools?

A

It is the private sector indirectly penetrating education through vending machines

30
Q

What is the education maintenance allowance?

A

It would give certain 16-18 year olds £30 a week for school resources and transport to encourage them to stay in school

31
Q

What does fragmented centralisation mean?

A

Fragmented=the comprehensive school system was replaced by several different schooling provisions which have private providers

Centralisation=central government controls which schools become academies or free schools and they are funded by the government

32
Q

What is the idea of multi cultural education?

A

The idea of MCE was to value and promote all cultures in the school curriculum and to help raise minority pupils self-asteem

33
Q

What does Stone argue about Multi Cultural Education?

A

He argues that MCE is misguided because under achievement isn’t to do with self astern

34
Q

What does the critical race theory criticise about MCE?

A

That it doesn’t fully address institutional racism

35
Q

What does David gillborn believe about educational policies?

A

That policies are institutionally racist and that the curriculum is ethnocentric with the methods of assessment and streaming continuing to disadvantage minority groups

36
Q

What Is material deprivation?

A

It can be defined as the inability to afford basic resources + services such as sufficient food and heating (material deprivation effects education highly)

37
Q

Why are middle class children more advantages in school?

A

They have the material asserts that are extremely important to school as they have the materials they need to be able to succeed

38
Q

What does Deynes believe about parental involvement in education?

A

He assets that parental involvement positively affects the achievement of minority children

39
Q

How does language affect a child’s cognitive development?

A

If parents use language that challenges their children then their cognitive performance will improve, therefore helping them succeed more in school

40
Q

What are the 2 types of speech codes used by parents?

A

The restricted code and elaborate code

41
Q

What is the restricted code?

A

It is typically used by working class and it usually consists of limited vocabulary, short, unfinished, incorrect grammar sentences

42
Q

What is the elaborate code?

A

Typically used by middle class it consists of wider vocab, longer + grammatically complex sentences

43
Q

How does the elaborate code benefit children in school?

A

Teachers usually speak in elaborate code therefore working class children may find it harder to understand, therefore putting them at a disadvantage

44
Q

How does having less intelligent parents affect their children in school?

A

The children feel less ambitious due to the parents having less input and having a worse attitude toward school

45
Q

What does cultural capital refer to?

A

Knowledge, attributes, values, language, tastes and abilities

46
Q

How does bourdieu see the middle class culture and how does he believe this benefits them?

A

As a type of capital as it gives advantage to those within it. Middle class children squire the ability to grasp, analyse and express abstract ideas

47
Q

What is the self fulfilling prophecy?

A

Defined as “a false definition of the situation evoking a behaviour which makes the originally false concept true”
When a teacher holds expectations about a student and they come true

48
Q

What is streaming?

A

When pupils are split into ability groups, which means students are taught separately by different teachers.

49
Q

What are pupil subcultures?

A

A group of people with similar view points. These may develop due to labelling and streaming

50
Q

What is polarisation?

A

The students response to streaming as they move toward one extreme

51
Q

What is a habitus?

A

It is a concept developed by Bordieu and refers to the norms, values, attitudes and behaviours of a particular social group/class

52
Q

What are Nike identities?

A

Pupils being conscious about how society + school looked down on them, this led to pupils investing heavily in styles like Nike as a way of creating self worth

53
Q

What is EAL?

A

Children who don’t speak English at home

54
Q

What is Gladstone primary?

A

A primary school where none of the children speak English as their first language, however this allowed the children to be able to speak fluent after attending the school therefore not leaving them at a disadvantage for later life in school

55
Q

What did Gillborn find about how teachers treat African-Caribbean students?

A

That teachers were more likely to give them detention because they interpreted their dress + manner of speech as representing a challenge to their authority

56
Q

What did Sewell claim about teachers and black students?

A

That teachers were fearful of black boys, this results in stereotypical assumptions

57
Q

How did feminism have an impact on education?

A

Originally women didn’t have any educational opportunities, however feminism changed this and encourages girls to be more assertive and independent

58
Q

What 4 functions do functionalists believe school provides?

A
  1. Creating social solicitation
  2. teaching skills necessary for work
  3. teaching us core values
  4. role allocation and meritocracy
59
Q

What does Durkheim (functionalist) argue about the education system?

A

That it provides secondary socialisation, opposed to the primary socialisation delivered by the family

60
Q

What is meritocracy?

A

The belief that everyone is given the same opportunities and receive rewards for their own effort and ability

61
Q

What does the functionalist talcot parson believe about the education system?

A

That school is a socialising agency and that they bridge a gap between family and wider society

62
Q

How do Marxists view the education system?

A

As working in the interests of ruling class elites. They also believe it performs 3 functions:

  1. reproduce class inequality
  2. legitimise class inequality
  3. work in the interest of capital employers
63
Q

What is the hidden curriculum?

A

This is the information that pupils learn outside the curriculum

64
Q

How is meritocracy linked to education?

A

Is links to the equal opportunities to achieve rewards based on ability and effort and those who gain highest rewards deserve them as they are most hardworking

65
Q

What do Parson, Bowles and Gintis argue about meritocracy?

A

That it doesn’t exist and that high income is determined by family and background

Sociology (7 decks)

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