Education

Question 1

Education

Answer 1

A major agent of socialization and a formal institution that instills much of the knowledge that is needed to function as productive adults in society.

Question 2

Functional literacy

Answer 2

Reading, writing, and arithmetic (three Rs)

Question 3

Formal education

Answer 3

Learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum.

Question 4

Informal eduction

Answer 4

Learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviours by participating in a society (occurs through formal education system and at home).

Question 5

Cultural Transmission

Answer 5

The way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture (both informal and formal education include cultural transmission).

Question 6

Functionalist perspective on education

Answer 6

• Education instills cultural values and norms that maintain moral order and promote stability by training members to obey the law, respect one another, and work productively
• Manifest functions (formally assessed and documented), skills and knowledge development, historical and cultural transmission, social development, social control (respect authority figures and follow rules)

Question 7

Manifest functions of education

Answer 7

Socialization, transmission of culture, social control, social placement, cultural innovation (part of functionalist perspective)

Question 8

Latent functions of education

Answer 8

Courtship, social networks, working in groups, creation of generation gap, political and social integration (part of functionalist perspective)

Question 9

Conflict Theory’s perspective on education

Answer 9

• Education system reproduces existing social order and poses disadvantages for particular groups
• Social reproduction of class: because of hidden school costs, the school experience can be quite different for children of diff social classes/ethnicities
• Cost of higher ed and more subtle cultural cues make access to education unequal

Question 10

Cultural capital

Answer 10

• Pierre Bourdieu
• accumulation of cultural knowledge that helps one navigate a culture
• cultural capital alters the experiences and opportunities available to students from different social classes (parallel to economic capital)
• upper/middle classes have more of it than the lower classes
• education system maintains a system where dominant culture’s values are rewarded

Question 11

Pedagogic violence

Answer 11

• Pierre Bourdieu
• Pedagogy - a set of knowledge about how to teach
• Pedagogic violence = educational violence (symbolic violence committed by education as a system)
  Ex. Kid with single parent feels like their family is wrong because the photo in the textbook only shows a family with two parents (feeling of inferiority is internalized by this group, and feeling of superiority is internalized by privileged group)

Question 12

Hidden curriculum

Answer 12

• part of critical perspective
• process by which a subtle agenda of norms, values, and expectations that fall outside the formal curriculum is learned inadvertently through participation in the school system

Question 13

Streaming/student selection

Answer 13

• part of critical perspective
• a process by which students are placed intro specific programs and levels of curriculum based on perceived levels of achievement

Question 14

Credentialism

Answer 14

• part of critical perspective

- reliance on increasingly higher educational qualifications as necessary minimal requirements for employment

Question 15

Critical Pedagogy (banking model of education vs anti-oppressive pedagogy/critical pedagogy)

Answer 15

• Banking model - education functions as an instrument used to facilitate integration of younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity
• Critical pedagogy - practice of freedom by which people deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of the world

Question 16

Feminist Pedagogies

Answer 16

teaching about feminism (content) + feminist teaching (forms, methods) + feminist reflections on teaching (research)

Question 17

Feminist pedagogy aims and principles

Answer 17

Aims: equality, caring, resistance, deconstruction
Principles: relationship amid the teacher and the student, empowerment, constructing a community, privilege of voice, respect for diverse personal experiences among all students, challenging typical learning ideals

Question 18

Interactionist perspective on education

Answer 18

• Study of how teachers perceive students, act and react in relation to the meanings they ascribe to their students’ behaviour, and in turn how the students interpret their instructors, curriculum, and behaviour of fellow students
• Teacher is authority figure who can label student behaviour as appropriate or inappropriate
• Self-fulfilling prophecy - an originally false belief that becomes true simply because it is perceived as such

Question 19

Constructionist perspective on education

Answer 19

• Foucault - education as contruction of docile bodies
• children become gendered, raced, classed subjects through education
• docile bodies are shaped into instruments of conformity and the perpetuation of privilege

Question 20

Organic education

Answer 20

• Aboriginal peoples
• tailored to practical needs of communities and families, took place in communities/natural environment
• no formal teachers, individual community members were responsible for ensuring that every child learned key knowledge, skills, traditions, and values

Question 21

Residential schools

Answer 21

• total institutions with aim to assimilate children into dominant economic/cultural system
• kids couldn’t speak in their own languages or see their families, and were subjected to harsh discipline

Question 22

Private vs public schools

Answer 22

Private - operated by private individuals or corporations, parents pay annual tuition
Public - funded through provincial and local governments

Question 23

Universal access

Answer 23

• People’s equal ability to participate in an education system. On a world level, access might be more difficult for certain groups based on gender, race, class, and disabilities.
• In Canada, this is supported by provincial governments covering the cost of free public education

Question 24

Home-schooling

Answer 24

The education of children at home, usually by their parents

Question 25

Baby boom

Answer 25

• 1947-1967 - birth rates briefly exploded and declined just as quickly afterward
• caused growth of formal mass education

Question 26

The effect of the Cold War on education

Answer 26

• contest between ussr and us to achieve political, economic, and military superiority
• demands for more research scientists and qualified specialists for government and industry

Question 27

Massification

Answer 27

Mass increase in postsecondary enrollment, in contrast to the smaller numbers that once constituted an elite group (formal education now also correlates highly with employability)

Question 28

Credentialism

Answer 28

• Over time, qualifying for specific jobs requires ever more certificates and degrees
• Education is not only a source of wealth, but a product of wealth

Question 29

Grade inflation

Answer 29

• Correspondence between letter grades and the achievements they reflect has been changing (in a downward direction)
• What used to be a C now earns a B or A
• Result of commodification of education

Question 30

Commodification of education

Answer 30

Many students come to university with the orientation of consumers who expect to receive good grades in exchange for paying tuition