EDTO

Question 2

3 EDTO diversion strategies?

Do you have to pick one?

Answer 2

Time strategy - min diversion time. speed up to Vmo/Mmo considering fuel, altitude capability and structural integrity.

Fuel Strategy - fuel most critical consideration. OEI LRC could be selected to maximise FOD at diversion airport.

Obstacle Strategy - ensure terrain clearance, best lift drag ratio selected to provide best OEI alt performance until obs cleared.

No PIC is not limited to these strategies.

14.6.7

Question 3

EDTO definition

Answer 3

An operation where the flight time from a point on the route to an Adequate Airport, is greater than the threshold time, as approved by CASA, for each aircraft type.

Note: The threshold time is based on the approved one engine inoperative cruise speed nominated on the OFP.

Whenever an aircraft is operating more than the defined EDTO Threshold Time (calculated using still air) away from Category A, B or C airport, this operation is defined as (EDTO).

Question 4

Define an Adequate airport EDTO

Remember Category in answer…

Answer 4

A,B,C (not E) airport

• Wx forecast must be available.
• Services and facilities available and operational (eg lighting)
• Land dist available must be at least dry distance required at ELW.
• Min one Inst app available.

Additionally the aircraft must be able to land and park without damage to AC or airport being rendered unusable.

Our A,B,C airports are assessed to meet physical requirements

Question 5

CPE

Definition.

What scenario is it based upon?

Answer 5

Critical point EDTO

The most fuel critical of the equi-time points between two sequential EDTO Alternates listed on the OFP.

The critical fuel scenario is based on the failure occurring at the CPE, OEI, dePX or both.

CPE is usually, but not always, the last ETP within Edto segment?

Question 6

Edto alternate?

Clue: When does an adequate become an alternate?

Is PROB30 considered?

Don’t forget the category…

Answer 6

A Category A, B or C airport that is forecast to satisfy applicable weather criteria for specified time periods, as further defined for the preflight and inflight cases. EDTO Alternates are used to support applicable EDTO segments of an EDTO flight.

PROB 30 is NOT considered when assessing EDTO alternates.

Formally: Useable adq airport

Assessed above adq mins preflight and landing mins inflight

Question 7

3 EDTO Diversions strategies?

Main intent behind each?

Do you have to use one of these strategies?

Answer 7

Time

If minimum diversion time and getting the aircraft on the ground as soon as possible, e.g. cargo fire, is the most critical consideration, a high speed strategy may be selected as permitted by the aircraft’s fuel state, altitude capability and structural integrity, up to VMO/MMO if the conditions warrant. The Flight Crew is not bound by the speed assumptions nominated on the OFP.

Fuel

If the fuel remaining to accomplish the diversion is the most critical consideration, OEI Long-Range Cruise (LRC) speed could be selected to minimise fuel consumption during the diversion, thus maximising the endurance overhead the diversion airport.

Obstacle

If the diversion track following engine failure will traverse high terrain, additional care should be taken in speed selection to ensure that enroute terrain clearance margins are maintained. The speed associated with best lift over drag ratio will provide the best OEI altitude performance and should be selected until clear of any limiting terrain.

Flight Crew are not limited to these strategies and the final decision as to the diversion profile flown rests the PIC.

A diversion to an EDTO Alternate from the CPE after a significant systems failure may require entering or re-entering the EDTO segment, in order to proceed to the nearer EDTO Alternate.

Question 8

Significant Systems Failure diversion considerations?

Failure before EEP - can you enter EDTO segment?

Do you need to go to the closest airport?

How about Cat C considerations…

Answer 8

If the aircraft has been dispatched as an EDTO flight the aircraft must plan to land at a Category A, B or C airport within the defined EDTO Maximum Diversion Time, as listed on the OFP.

A significant system failure would normally preclude entry into the EDTO segment. However, the PIC may elect to enter the EDTO segment in order to proceed to an airport, if doing so is assessed to be a lower risk than diverting to an airport that is geographically closer.

In the event of an EDTO Significant System failure, there is no requirement to land at the nearest Category C airport. The aircraft may proceed to a Category A or B airport which is above landing minima.

Note: Category C airports are nominated for EDTO planning purposes and an emergency declaration will be required if a diversion is planned to a Category C airport.

Question 9

What happens if EDTO alternate becomes unavailable after EEP?

Answer 9

Once the flight has entered an EDTO segment, and an EDTO Alternate becomes unavailable, e.g. due to aircraft system(s) failure or weather, the flight may continue at the PIC’s discretion.

Remember now though there are multiple EEP/EXP’s…

Question 10

What are the preflight ETOPS tech log requirements?

What are you looking for in the book.

Answer 10

There is a valid Certificate of Release to Service (CRS); and

The ETOPS field in the CRS is annotated either ‘Y’ (Yes) or ‘R’ (Reduced EDTO capability).

Note: If ‘N’ (No) is annotated an EDTO operation is not possible and engineering assistance must be sought before departure.

Question 11

EDTO alternate WX requirements?

What is taken into account?

What is ignored?

Answer 11

During the planning phase of an EDTO operation any EDTO Alternates nominated on the OFP shall be assessed against the EDTO Planning Minima, for the period between the earliest and latest expected arrival times of use taking into account the following considerations:

Forecast ceiling and visibility;

Forecast crosswind component, including gusts, for the landing runway expected to be used must be less than the maximum crosswind permitted for a One Engine Inoperative landing;

All forecast probabilities less than 40% may be disregarded.

Note: INTER and TEMPO conditions, when forecast, must be taken into account when calculating fuel requirements.

If a forecast for the required period is not available an aircraft may be dispatched on an EDTO flight so long as the flight does not proceed beyond the point of sole reliance on the nominated EDTO Alternate until a valid forecast is obtained.

Note: EDTO Planning Minima for each airport is listed in the minima summary preceding the TAF information in the flight briefing documentation, e.g. EFF+ Crew Messages.

Question 12

How could CPE fall out of edto segment?

Answer 12

Due to the effect of wind, the CPE may fall beyond the EXP, or prior to the EEP. This is due to the fact that the EEP and EXP do not take wind into account.

Question 13

EDTO Fuel reqs

Preflight. 4

What holding fuel?

What about winds?

Answer 13

Planned fuel must be sufficient to permit flight from the CPE to either of the nominated EDTO Alternates, with the following fuel requirements:

1) Trip fuel for the appropriate diversion profile to the EDTO Alternate (e.g. depressurised and/or engine out); 5% wind buffer added to forcast winds for CPE calc. (ie forecast winds used with 5% buffer)
2) 15 minutes Holding Fuel at 1,500 ft;
3) Additional Holding Fuel (wx holding only considered; ATC traffic holding fuel not considered). Inter/tempo is considered Prob 30 is Not.

Note: 30 minutes FRF is not applicable to the CPE calculation.

4) EDTO APU burn, if required; and

Additional fuel may be required to meet the CPE calculation; such fuel is shown as Required Additional Fuel on the OFP.

Question 14

EDTO inflight fuel requirements

Answer 14

During an EDTO operation normal inflight fuel monitoring, as per Chapter 16 – Fuel, applies.

EDTO planning is fundamentally a preflight activity and there is no requirement to divert if the fuel onboard is below the predicted fuel remaining at the CPE, as doing so may expose the aircraft to greater risk.

Question 15

Preflight forecast not available for Adequate airport

Answer 15

You may depart but prior to sole reliance on that airport a forecast above useable adq mins must be obtained.

After you get that forecast then you can switch back to the airport only being above landing minima.

Question 16

Significant system failure 787 basics

and land at nearest available airport from qrh (4)

Answer 16

Any aircraft systems whose failure or degradation could adversely affect the safety of an EDTO flight, or whose functioning is specifically important to continued safe flight and landing during an EDTO diversion.

Bear in mind from QRH land at nearest available:

anytime NNCL directs you to

fire or smoke continues

Only 2 power souces remain, two main gens or one main gen and both apu gens

Flight crew deems sig safety effect.

Question 17

RFFS Requirements EDTO Alternate

Answer 17

For airports outside Australian territory Category 4 Rescue Fire Fighting Services (RFFS) must be available with not more than 30 minute’s notice.

For airports inside Australian territory, RFFS is not required

Question 18

ATS Requirements EDTO Alternate

Answer 18

Uutside Australian territory to be used as an EDTO Alternate Airport, ATC or ATS must be available with not more than 30 minutes notice.

For airports inside Australian territory there is no requirement for Air Traffic Control or Air Traffic Services.

Note: Air Traffic Services is two-way voice communication with an Air Traffic Service, which can be at a location remote from the airport.

Question 19

EDTO planning minima

(EDTO Planning Minima was previously known as Adequate Minima.)

Asking for generalised answer not the hard numbers dispatch uses…

Answer 19

The defined weather criteria used to assess the suitability of an Adequate Airport as an EDTO Alternate during the planning phase.

Note 1: EDTO Planning Minima for each airport is detailed in the flight briefing documentation, e.g. EFF+ Crew Messages.

Question 20

EDTO max diversion dist

How is it derived?

Answer 20

The distance derived by flying at the OEI cruise speed for the maximum diversion time.

TAS is used for this calculation.
This distance may be restricted by type design approval

Question 21

EDTO max diversion time

Answer 21

The time limit, approved by CASA, that an aircraft can be operated from an EDTO Alternate.

Note: The Maximum Diversion Time may be further limited by the application of a MEL.

Question 22

Can you exceed max diversion time/distance?

Answer 22

As a concept, EDTO focuses on the Preflight phase, however, it does contain some Inflight requirements.

The PIC should not plan to exceed the applicable EDTO time/distance limitations, however;

The applicable limitation may be exceeded for safety reasons, e.g. weather avoidance.

Question 23

EDTO threshold dist

Answer 23

The distance obtained by multiplying the nominated one engine inoperative cruise speed, in still air and ISA conditions, by the threshold time.

Note 1: TAS is used for this calculation.

Note 2: The EDTO Threshold Distance is nominated on the OFP in the EDTO Data section.

Question 24

EDTO threshold time

Answer 24

The Threshold Time is 60 minutes for a two-engine aircraft.

Note: The EDTO Threshold Time is nominated as a distance on the OFP in the EDTO Data section.

Question 25

OEI cruise speed

Answer 25

The indicated airspeed (IAS) approved by CASA for flight with one engine inoperative.

CASA may approve a range of speeds for each aircraft type. The nominated speed will be annotated on the OFP.

The IAS is converted to TAS when performing any distance calculations.

Question 26

Time Limited system TLS

Under what EDTO time is this required?

Answer 26

Aircraft Time Limited Systems (TLS), as defined in the FCOM, that have a time limitation. TLSs are only applicable for EDTO operations greater than 180 minutes.

Note: The CASRs reference the Cargo Fire Suppression System (CFSS) as the most restrictive TLS, although this may not always be the case for a specific aircraft, e.g. the B787.

Question 27

What is the difference between the old etops EEP, EXP and the EDTO definition of these points?

Answer 27

The new EEP/EXP’s are for each edto segment as opposed to the EEP and EXP being the first and last entry exit points from the whole flight.

Question 28

Inflight Requirements prior to EEP

6 items

Answer 28

2 way comms ATC (vhf, hf, cpdlc)

2 way comms Disp (acars, HF, Satcom)

Normal ch16 inflight fuel reqs met.

AC servicable - no sig system problems

Applicable Notams reviewed

Applicable WX revied from UPDATED forecast, if unable to obtain update then you can use a valid forecast - reference landing mins (like the old rules)

Question 29

EDTO area of operations description.

Relate answer to maximum diversion distance.

Answer 29

The area within which EDTO operations approved. Outer limit defined by approved EDTO max diversion TIME from selected EDTO alternates.
Area excludes any area within EDTO threshold DISTANCE from adequate airport.

CASA defines area using ISA, No wind, at approved OEI or AEO cruise speed, as applicable.)

The EDTO Maximum Diversion Distance is calculated by multiplying the Maximum Diversion Time by the OEI cruise speed.

The effect of wind is not taken into account in this calculation.

The OFP planned track must remain within the EDTO Maximum Diversion Distance of an EDTO Alternate at all times.

Question 30

EDTO operations

180 mins or less

180 mins or more (2 differences)

How is the area of operations defined in both cases?

Is wind factored into these calculations?

Answer 30

In order to define the EDTO area of operations:

Maximum Diversion Distance is calculated by multiplying the Maximum Diversion Time by the OEI cruise speed. The effect of wind is not taken into account.

IN ADDITION to this, for above 180mins:

The above distance may be limited by the aircraft manufacturer and,

An additional check of the: time limit applicable to any TLS, taking into account wind, temperature and the speed applicable to the TLS failure, is carried out to ensure that the maximum time limitations are not exceeded.

Max div time from AFM is reduced by 15 mins to alllow hold, app and land.

Question 31

787 Cargo fire supression time?

Answer 31

300 mins, However for EDTO above 180:

The maximum time limitation is reduced by 15 minutes to account for holding, approach and landing, e.g. the Cargo Fire Suppression System has an AFM limit of 300 minutes less 15 minutes = 285 minutes.

Question 32

Cat C airports EDTO?

Answer 32

A Category C airport must meet the following physical requirements:

LDA must be not less than that required for an aircraft, as required by the CASRs;

The surface and strength of the manoeuvring area must allow the aircraft to land without the likelihood of:

damage to the aircraft; or

the airport being rendered unusable for other operation;

The taxiways and apron areas must allow the aircraft to park so that it is clear of the remaining movement areas and does not render the airport unusable for other operations; and

The airport lighting must be as set out in AIP Enroute under the heading ‘Suitability of Aerodromes’.

Note 1: All Category A and B airports meet these requirements, providing the Flight Crew do not exceed any pavement limitations listed in the RMS.

Note 2: Qantas assesses each Category C Airport for compliance with the physical requirements as required in the CASRs.

Question 33

Does CPE calculation factor in Wind and Temp?

Answer 33

Constellation Flight Planning system applies forecast wind and temperature to the CPE calculation. Additionally, a 5% wind speed factor is applied to the calculation to account for forecast variability.

Question 34

Can you re-enter the EDTO segment during a diversion?

Answer 34

Yes.

14.6.7 diversion strategies

Question 35

EDTO distances -
Which takes wind into account?
How are the non wind distances calculated?

CPE
Max Diversion Distance
EDTO threshold distance

Answer 35

CPE is calculated using forecast wind and temp with 5% buffer.

MDD and threshold distance are still air, ISA and use TAS not GS (ie no wind)