Edpuzzle Unit 3 Transformation of the United States (Industrialization) Flashcards
American Industrialist & philanthropist (donates wealth to improve society) who built a railroad empire in the 19th century.
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT
Group of workers who organize in order to negotiate better wages and benefits from business owners
Labor Unions
Largest and most influential labor union in the 19th century. Their power and number decline after the violence which resulted from the Haymarket Square Riot of 1886
Knights of Labor
Nationwide labor organizion that was founded by Samuel Gompers, a Jewish immigrant. AFL Members were restricted to skilled workers
American Federation of Labor
AFL
A process which reduced the cost of making steel by more than 80% percent. As a result it hep to spur economic growth in the United States.
Bessemer Process
Created by Samuel Morse in 1844 this invention allowed for the rapid communication over long distance through a seried of electromagnetic pulses.
TELEGRAPH
Credited with the invention of the Telephone in 1875
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
When one oner controls all companies and facilities at one strage of production of a good. I.E. John Rockerfeller who bought up 90% of all the oil refining companies in the US.
Horizontal Integration
When a company controls all the stages of the production and distribution (shipping) of a product.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
system characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production. An ideaology popular by many members of labor unions
Socialism
rally which was organized by labor radicals to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the McCormick Reaper Works. One of the protester threw dynamite at the police which resulted in the seven police and four protestors. Led to the reduced popularity of labor unions
Haymarket Square riot
Steel workers strike at US Steel factory. Strikers were fired by management and “blacklisted” from future employment in the steel industry. Steel workers union collapesed.
Homestead Strike
Strike organized by Labor leader Eugene Debs at a Railroad Car company. United States President sent troops to end the strike stating that mail had to be delivered. This event led to the decline of the American Railway Union and another example of Government supporting Business owners over workers.
Pullman Strike
Inventor of the railway air brake, which stops all the cars of a train at the same time.
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
Inventor of many things including the phonograph, light bulb, and motion pictures.
THOMAS EDISON
Developed an alternating current (AC) motor which could travel further than a direct current (DC) model. Worked with Thomas Edison before starting his own company.
NICOLA TESLA
When a company has total control over an industry. Many were formed in the late 1800s because of the government’s laissezfaire (hands-off) attitude. Companies used the theory of Social Darwinism to justify their unfair business practices.
MONOPOLY
Used in textile mills and coal mines especially. Paid less than adults. By 1910, as many as 1 out of every 5 children under 15 years old was working outside the home.
CHILD LABOR
1882 law banning Chinese immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers for a period of ten years. The act was periodically renewed and not repealed until 1943.
CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
Japanese government’s (1907-08) agreement to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of San Francisco’s segregation order that had separated Japanese children and put them in a separate school.
GENTLEMAN’S AGREEMENT ACT
An early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor. Called on governments, churches, and private charities to work together to help people in need.
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SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT
Community centers established in “slum” neighborhoods to provide services for immigrants and the urban poor. Services included health care, child care, education, and help with obtaining naturalization. By 1910, about 400 existed. Helped cultivate social responsibility toward the urban poor.
SETTLEMENT HOUSES
Powerful groups that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. Gained votes and financial support by offering help to voters and businesses. Helped solve urban problems, but were susceptible to corruption.
POLITICAL MACHINES
Law passed by Congress making it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or other countries. Language was vague, limiting its effectiveness.
SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT OF 1890
Series of laws passed in several Midwestern states that shared the same intent: to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular. It was a topic of much debate at the time and ended up leading to several important court cases, such as Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois .
GRANGER LAWS
Groups formed to educate farmers about topics such as interest rates on loans and government control of banks and railroads. Membership grew to more than 4 million – leads to the rise of the Populist Party
FARMER’S ALLIANCE
Political movement created out of the farmers alliances. Supported: graduated income tax, regulated banks, increase in the money supply, government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines, eight-hour work day, restrictions on immigration, and voting reforms.
POPULISM
Impassioned speech given by William Jennings Bryan (Democratic nominee for President in the 1896 election). Criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on a cross of gold – helped gain him the support of the Populists.
CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH
Passed in response to the growing complaints of farmers. It required the government to purchase almost twice as much silver as before, and added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation. It threatened to undermine the U.S. Treasury’s gold reserves. After the panic of 1893 President Cleveland called a special session of Congress and secured (1893) the repeal of the act.
SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1894
After Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle , the public demanded action.
Meat Inspection Act in 1906 regulated the meatpacking industry (until the 1990s). Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 halted sale of contaminated food and medicines and called for truth in labeling.
National
Food & Drug Administration
Group founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Pushed for voting rights for women.
National Women’s Suffrage Association
