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Fetal Echo 2022 > Edleman Xzone > Flashcards

Edleman Xzone Flashcards

1
Q

The Vitelli line veins form the

A

IVC

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2
Q

Blood from the coronary veins enters the right atrium via the

A

Coronary sinus

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3
Q

The Eustachian valve is best visualized in which view

A

Bicaval view

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4
Q

Absence of the SinoAtrial node is associated with _______ atrial isomerism

A

Left

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5
Q

The pathogenic mechanism responsible for formation of Dextrocardia is

A

abnormal situs and looping

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6
Q

E wave velocities of the MV and TV change when what is impacted

A

Myocardium

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7
Q

The pathogenic mechanism responsible for formation of an AVSD is

A

Extracellular Matrix

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8
Q

After birth all of the flowing veins deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart EXCEPT

Portal veins
SVC
Pulmonary veins
IVC

A

Pulmonary veins

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9
Q

The 3 main bundles of the cardiac conduction system include all the following

A

Bachman’s bundle
Thorel’s bundle
Wenkebach’s bundle

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10
Q

Broad pyramidal and triangular all describe

A

Right atrial appendage

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11
Q

The AO and PA are formed during which stage of embryology

A

Stage IV

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12
Q

On an EKG the time it takes from ventricular contraction to atrial contraction is the

A

RP interval

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13
Q

The interatrial and interventricular septa are formed during which stage of embryology

A

Stage III

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14
Q

Following birth the Ductus arteriosus usually closes completely within

A

3-4 days

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15
Q

A tortuous Ductus arteriosus is a normal variant seen in the _____ trimester

A

3rd

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16
Q

After birth the ductus venous becomes the

A

Ligamentum venosum

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17
Q

Mitral and tricuspid valves are formed during what stage

A

Stage III

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18
Q

What are the AV valves

A

Tricuspid and mitral

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19
Q

Semilunar valves

A

AO valve
PA valve

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20
Q

The coronary sinus receives blood from the

A

Coronary veins

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21
Q

During diastole blood is prevented from flowing back into the right ventricle by the

A

Pulmonic valve

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22
Q

The SA and Av nodes are normally located in the

A

Right atrium

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23
Q

The pathogenic mechanism responsible for formation of a DORV is

A

Tissue Migration Abnormality

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24
Q

Fetal coronary artery flow is difficult to visualize in the normal fetus prior to what gestational age

A

31 weeks

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25
Q

The atrioventricular loops forms during which stage of embryology

A

Stage II

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26
Q

The azygous vein normally drains into

A

SVC

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27
Q

During diastole which valves are open

A

Mitral and tricuspid

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28
Q

The inner most layer of the heart wall is the

A

Endocardium

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29
Q

Blood from the IVC enters the right atrium via the

A

Eustachian valve

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30
Q

On an EKG atrial contraction occurs the

A

P wave

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31
Q

Cardiac cycle

P wave -
QRS complex-
T wave -

A

P - atrial contraction
QRS - ventricular contraction
T wave - ventricular repolarization

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32
Q

A Normal resistive index (RI) in a middle cerebral artery is

A

> 80%

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33
Q

Systemic veins include

A

SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus

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34
Q

Which cardiac valve is described as having a fish mouth appearance in the the short axis

A

Mitral valve

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35
Q

Heterotaxy is often seen with ______ atrial isomerisum

A

Left

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36
Q

The posterior wall of the ao should normally be continuous with the

A

Anterior mitral valve leaflet

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37
Q

The IVS is continuous with the anterior wall of the

A

AO

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38
Q

Outermost layer of the heart

A

Pericardium

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39
Q

A single heart tube is formed during which stage of embryology

A

Stage 1

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40
Q

A normal S/d ratio in fetal MCA is

A

> 6

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41
Q

Endocardial cushions fuse at what stage

A

Stage III

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42
Q

Absence of the Coumadin ridge is associated with

A

TAPVR

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43
Q

2nd degree heart block is often associated with

A

Long QT syndrome

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44
Q

The most common type of aortopulmonary window involves the

A

Proximal ascending AO

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45
Q

This is often associated with scimitar syndrome

A

papvc
Infracardiac

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46
Q

what percent of fetuses with atrial flutter also have a structural CHD

A

30%

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47
Q

This has an association with a dilated left bracheocephalic vein

A

Vein of Galen aneurysm

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48
Q

Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery is commonly associated with

A

Kommerrell’s diverticulum

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49
Q

What color Doppler finding is consistent with tricuspid regurgitation

A

Retrograde color jet filling in the atrium

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50
Q

This is commonly associated with a univentricular heart

A

Complete TGA

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51
Q

The following m mode finding would be consistent with ventricular tachycardia

A

Ventricular rate of >180 that exceeds the atrial rate

52
Q

Characteristics of aberrant subclavian artery

A

Vascular ring
Abnormal spacing of the vessels arising from the ao arch
Four vessels arising from the aortic arch

53
Q

The highest risk of CHD occurs when situs inversus totalis is associated with

A

Levocardia

54
Q

An appropriate frame rate for performing fetal echocardiography is usually

A

> 25 frames per second

55
Q

An increased PRF may be necessary to evaluate the

A

AO arch

56
Q

A single normal sized great artery seen in the 3VV would be most consistent with

A

TGA

57
Q

Systolic velocity minus diastolic velocity, divided by mean velocity is used to calculate

A

Pulsatlity index

58
Q

Narrowing the color box will

A

Optimize your color image when evaluating for tricuspid regurgitation

59
Q

A normal cardio vascular score in a fetus with CHD is

A

10

60
Q

This view is most cephalad on the fetal heart

A

3VV

61
Q

Narrowing the color box increases the

A

Frame rate

62
Q

Color setting for the interrogation is the cardiac valves should include these

A

Increased PRF
Narrowed color box
High wall filter

63
Q

Narrowing sector width improves

A

Temporal resolution

64
Q

Mitral and tricuspid valve orifices are measured during

A

Mid diastole

65
Q

Best describes a normal IVC wave form in a fetus

A

Triphasic with forward S&D point , reversed A point

66
Q

Ventricular wall thickness is measured from the endocardium to the

A

Epicardium

67
Q

Systolic velocity minus diastolic velocity , divided by the systolic velocity is used to calculate

A

Resistive index

68
Q

Sonographic sign of a DOUBLE AO ARCH that can be seen in a 3VV is termed

A

Trident sign

69
Q

Increasing frame rate can be accomplished by

A

Narrowing the sector width

70
Q

Blood flow through the AO valve should be measured at

A

Peak systole

71
Q

Harmonic imaging allows the ultrasound machine to

A

Receive a higher frequency ultrasound signal then sent

72
Q

Increasing dynamic range would result in

A

More shades of grey

73
Q

Another name for redundant Foramenal flap is

A

Aneurysm of the foramen ovale

74
Q

The trachea can be identified on A 3VV by this sonographic finding

A

Hyperechoic rim

75
Q

An artifact that may increase sensitivity in diagnosing perimembranous VSD’s in An apical four chamber view is referred to as the

A

T sign

76
Q

An appropriate color scale for a fetal echo is approximately

A

40-60

77
Q

Another name for velocity scale is

A

PRF

78
Q

In the normal heart which chamber should form the bulk of the cardiac apex

A

Left ventricle

79
Q

If the transducer is completely Sagittal on a fetus you are most likely at the level of which heart view

A

Short axis of the ventricles

80
Q

PRF can be changed by adjusting

A

Scale

81
Q

The systemic venous system of the fetus includes the

A

Vitelline veins
Cardinal veins
Umbilical veins

82
Q

These vessels merge to form the left brachiocephalic vein

A

Left subclavian and left jugular veins

83
Q

The right bundle branch of the cardiac conduction system is located in the

A

Interventricular septum

84
Q

SVC is formed by the confluence of the

A

Left and Right brachiocephalic veins

85
Q

The Chordae Tendinae insert directly into the IVS in which chamber

A

Right ventricle

86
Q

Blood is supplied to the fetal upper extremities by the

A

Subclavian arteries

87
Q

Retrograde color jet filling the atrium would be consistent with.

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

88
Q

Most common type of DORV

A

DORV with a sub aortic VSD

89
Q

Absence of the Coumadin ridge is associated with

A

TAPVR
And right isomerism

90
Q

Ventricular length should be measured at

A

End diastole

91
Q

A dilated Left brachiocephalic vein would most likely be indicative of what cardiac anomaly

A

Supra-cardiac TAPVR

92
Q

What percent of fetal heart block is associated with maternal +SSA antibodies

A

60%

93
Q

Which of the following CHDs has the highest association with 22q11 deletion syndrome (Di George)

A

TOF
And truncus arteriosus

94
Q

During embryology, if the cardiac looping goes the WRONG direction which congenital cardiac defect will occur

A

CCTGA

95
Q

The majority of oxygenated fetal blood bypasses the liver via the

A

Ductus venosus

96
Q

Normal position of the heart is termed

A

Levoposition

97
Q

Which one of the following cardiac anomalies may cause fetal hydrops in the fetus

Arrhythmia
Cardiomyopathy
Valvular insufficiency
Valvular stenosis

A

Arrhythmia

98
Q

Truncus arteriosus can be mistaken for which other anomaly

A

TOF

99
Q

Which CHD is LEAST likely to be associated with a chromosomal abnormality

A

CC-TGA

100
Q

What other anatomical variant might be seen with a persistent left superior vena cava

A

Absent left brachiocephalic vein

101
Q

What would be indicative of abnormal tricuspid insufficiency

A

Holosystolic retrograde flow

102
Q

A normal fetal heart rate is between

A

120-180 bpm

103
Q

What is a sign of VCAC on a fetal echocardiogram
Ventriculo-Coronary Arterial Communication

A

Color Doppler at the RV apex

104
Q

The IVC is formed by the the primitive

A

Right Viteline vein

105
Q

The left brachiocephalic vein is formed by the

A

Left jugular and left subclavian vein

106
Q

All of the following have an increased risk of causing a fetal arrhythmia EXCEPT

AVSD
TGA
cCTGA
Ebstein’s

A

TGA

107
Q

The heart can be displaced to the right side of the chest due to all the following except

CPAM
Hypoplastic Right lung
Hypoplastic Left lung
Diaphragmatic hernia

A

Hypoplastic left lung

108
Q

Left atrial isomerism is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

Arrhythmia
Complete TGA
Polysplenia
Persistent truncus arteriosus

A

Complete TGA

109
Q

If a Persistent Left superior vena cava is present a fourth vessel will be visualized

A

Left of the pulmonary in the 3VV trac view

110
Q

Shone complex includes all of the following ExCEPT

Coarc of the ao
Aortic stenosis
Subvalvular mitral membrane
Parachute mitral valve

A

Subvalvular mitral membrane

111
Q

Which of the following views is obtained MOST cephalic on the fetus

3VV
Long axis of the PA
3VV trachea view
Apical five chamber view

A

3VV trachea view

112
Q

The proximal portion of the cardiac loop is termed the

A

Bulbous cordis

113
Q

With second degree heart block the atrial rate would most commonly be

A

Normal and regular associated with long QT syndrome

114
Q

Pulsed Doppler should be used to interrogate all valves proximally for

A

Insufficiency

115
Q

At the level of the 3VV blood flow through the DA should normally Travel

Toward the anterior chest wall
Toward the the pulmonic valve
Toward the SVC
Toward the spine

A

Toward the spine

116
Q

Isolated dextro cardia carries the highest risk for

A

CHD

117
Q

Approximately what percent of VSD are isolated abnormalities

A

70%

118
Q

Absence of the left brachiocephalic vein has been associated with a

A

Persistent Left superior vena cava

119
Q

Azygous continuation of the IVC is most commonly seen with

A

Polysplenia

120
Q

A poor prognostic sign for a fetus with HLHS is

A

Reversal or absence of blood flow through the foramen ovale

121
Q

A larger than expected dropout in the central portion of the atrial septum would be most indicative of

A

Ostium secundum ASD

122
Q

In a fetus with a cystic hygroma the most likely CHD would be

A

Coarctation

123
Q

Sinoatrial node sends electrical signal to
1.
2.
3.

A

Bachmans bundle
Wenckebach bundle
Thorel’s bundle

124
Q

Purkingie fibers cause the ventricles to

A

Contract

125
Q

Ductus arteriosus carries blood from the pulmonary artery to the

A

Descending AO

126
Q

An AVSD with a hypoplastic LV would be termed

A

Unbalanced

Fetal Echo 2022 (7 decks)

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