edit note quiz 1 Flashcards
Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction require…
a comma
a group of words containing a subject and verb
clause
sentence expressing a complete thought
independent clause
does not express a complete thought
dependent clause
a group of words without a subject and verb
phrase
ex. “tale as old as time”
Dependent clauses begin with
RELATIVE pronouns/subordinate conjunctions
ex. after, although, because, unless, until, when, where, while, though, wherever, etc.
Introductory dependent clauses
are set off by commas
A dependent clause that is necessary to the meaning
restrictive clause
A dependent clause that isn’t necessary to the meaning
non-restrictive clause
a restrictive clause…
is NOT set off with a comma
ex. “The person WHO ENJOYS READING (important!!) is never lonely
a nonrestrictive clause…
is set off with a comma
Ex. the farm, which has a beautiful barn, sells apples
when one prepositional phrase introduces the sentence…
ex. down, across, inside, around the woods, etc.
SHOULD be set off with a comma ONLY if it would otherwise be confusing
when two or more prepositional phrases introduce a sentence
ex.After riding his bike around the neighborhood twice, Rob was sweating profusely.
they should always be set off with a comma
a participle…(adjective)
ends in !!!!ing, -ed, -d, -t, or -en!!!! and is used as an ADJECTIVE
ex. cracked, burning/burnt, discouraged, cleaned, broken
participle phrase: participle phrase + words, like “running up the hill”
when you introduce a sentence with a participle…
it must be set off with a comma
a participal phrase…
is made up of a participal and its complements
ex. “planning to study nursing”
an introductory participal phrase
ex. “removing his glasses,”
is set off by a comma
a word or group of words that follows a noun and identifies it/gives it additional information
appositive
an appositive is set off by…
a comma
ex.“my wife, Dorothy, enjoys musical theater,” “Dorothy” is the appositive, with the antecedent “my wife.”
when an appositive is a proper noun,ex. Olivia
it is usually NOT set off by commas
if the appositive is nonrestrictive (not necessary)
it is set off by commas
use a comma to separate words or phrases that might be mistakenly joined in reading
use an apostrophe and “s” to form the posessive of indefinite pronouns (‘s)
-apostrophe after s (s’) for plural
the womens’ decisions led to this.
*the apostrophe is NOT used to form the posessive of a personal pronoun ex. its paw
vary sentences by joining 2 closely related sentences with a semicolon and NO conjunction
I like dogs; they’re cute
use a semicolon in joining 2 closely related sentences that include a conjunctive adverb, such as “however,” “otherwise,” “therefore,” etc.
I like dogs; however, I love cats
when a compound subject is joined by “and” the verb is plural
when a compound subject is joined by “or” or “nor,” the verb agrees with the subject nearer to the verb
anyone, anybody, nobody, no one, neither, one, somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, everyone, either, each
singular indefinite pronouns
ex.everyone gets his wish
both, few, many, others, several
plural indefinite pronouns
definite pronouns ex. animals, laura, barista
some, most, all, any, none
singular OR plural depending on context pronouns
a verb must agree with the subject. the subject is never found in a phrase or clause between the subject and the verb
ex. ONE of the boys has not cast HIS vote
MANY of the boys have not cast THEIR vote
phrase/clause: of the boys
accordingly, also, anyway, besides, certainly, consequently, finally, further, moreover, similarily, still, then, therefore, thus, undoubtedly, etc.
conjunctive adverbs (connect independent clauses to each other)
after, as, as if, as long as, although, as much as, as though, because, even, even if, who, whoever, why, which, whenever, when, until, unless, though, in order that, etc.
subordinating conjunctions (connect independent clauses to dependent clauses)
a semicolon is used…
between main clauses joined by a conjunction if the clause before the conjunction contains commas
ex. Irene will invite Clare, John, Hugh, and Felise; and Brian will ask three of his friends from the hospital
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
coordinating conjunctions
only use commas if the subordinating conjunction is the first word of a sentence. place the comma after the first clause.
ex. because she was late(!!), she missed the beginning of the game
when the subordinating conjunction begins the second clause, do not use a comma
ex. she missed the beginning of the game because she was late
a noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or redescribe it
appositive
in the beginning, inside your ear, under the couch, on the table, over the house
prepositional phrase
planning on studying nursing, fond of putting on makeup, road clogged with traffic,eaten by mosquitos, running up to the boy
participal phrase
occurs before the pronoun, it’s a phrase, noun, or clause indicated by a pronoun
ex. the professor could not find her car keys
pronoun: her
antecedent: professor
antecedent
Subjective v Objective pronouns
Use subjective (I, he/she, they) when it’s the subject of a sentence or in a sentence with “to be verbs”: is, am, was, were, be, been, being
ex. the winner should have BEEN he, no one IS a better teacher than I
“this is she” because she is the one speaking (subject)
Use objective with direct or indirect objects
Direct objects: answer who or that
Indirect objects: answer for whom/what
ex. “the visitors surprised her.”
“he helped us girls with our makeup”
“my kids baked me a cake”
“we will practice with you and them”
PRONOUN CASE
Indefinite pronouns- any, all, some, everybody, one, each, either/neither, anybody, anyone, anywhere, both, few, many, others, several
ex. both of them love it here
Definite pronouns- refer to specific people, places, and things, they can basically replace someone’s name or other nouns
ex. I, me, mine, myself, she, her, herself, we, us
ex. that pen is mine
indefinite pronouns vs definite pronouns and pronoun references
collective noun is exactly as it sounds like it’s a noun that describes a collective amount of something
ex.team, audience, choir, group, swarm, pod, orchestra, pack, jury, collection, committee, congregation, fleet, class, band,pack, staff
ex. the herd of students shuffled into the classroom
collective noun and pronoun reference
- words that connect two independent clauses of sentences to help express different ideas ex. cause and effect, contrast, and result
ex. furthermore, moreover, additionally, also, besides, similarly, besides, however, hence, nonetheless
DIFFERENT WAYS TO USE THEM:
Conjunctive Adverbs for addition:
- furthermore, additionally, moreover
“I had already finished my homework SEMICOLON (MUST HAVE SEMICOLON BEFORE THE CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB) moreover, I studied for my exam.”
Conjunctive Adverbs- Contrast
- however, on the other hand, nonetheless
“I wanted to stay at home; however, they convinced me to go out.”
Conjunctive Adverbs- Result
- therefore, consequently, thus
ex. I had not studied for the test; consequently, i did not do well
conjunctive adverb
censor v censure
commonly confused words and how to put them in a sentence
appositives- add additional information to a sentence
nonrestrictive appositive example- mexico city, the biggest city in the world, has many interesting archaeological sites
restrictive appositive example- the poet maya Angelou wrote fantastic works.
nonrestrictive clause
Mark, who claimed to have a limp, sprinted after the bus
restrictive clause
the one who claimed to have a limp sprinted after the bus
restrictive appositive, nonrestrictive appositive, restrictive clause, nonrestricted clause
