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AN SPI VOCAB > EDELMAN - ALL TABLES > Flashcards

EDELMAN - ALL TABLES Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE THE SEVEN ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS?

A 
PERIOD
FREQUENCY
AMPLITUDE
POWER
INTENSITY
WAVELENGTH
PROPAGATION SPEED
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2
Q

WHAT IS PERIOD?

A

THE TIME IT TAKES A WAVE TO VIBRATE A SINGLE CYCLE

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3
Q

WHAT IS FREQUENCY?

A

THE NUMBER OF PARTICULAR EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN A SPECIFIC DURATION OF TIME

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4
Q

WHAT IS INFRASOUND?

A

LESS THAN 20 HERTZ

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5
Q

WHAT IS AUDIBLE SOUND?

A

BETWEEN 20 HERTZ AND 20 KHZ

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6
Q

WHAT IS ULTRASOUND?

A

GREATER THAN 20 KHZ

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7
Q

WHAT IS AMPLITUDE?

A

THE BIGNESS OF THE WAVE

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8
Q

WHAT IS POWER?

A

THE RATE OF ENERGY TRANSFER OR WHICH WORK IS PERFORMED

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9
Q

WHAT IS INTENSITY?

A

THE CONCENTRATION OF ENERGY IN A SOUND BEAM

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10
Q

WHAT IS WAVELENGTH?

A

THE DISTANCE OR LENGTH OF ONE COMPLETE CYCLE

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11
Q

WHAT IS PROPAGATION SPEED?

A

THE RATE AT WHICH A SOUND WAVE TRAVELS THROUGH A MEDIUM

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12
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN LUNG?

A

500 M/S

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13
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN FAT?

A

1450 M/S

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14
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN LIVER?

A

1560 M/S

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15
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN BLOOD?

A

1560 M/S (SAME AS LIVER)

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN MUSCLE?

A

1600 M/S

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN TENDON?

A

1700 M/S

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN BONE?

A

3500 M/S

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19
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR?

A

330 M/S

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER?

A

1480 M/S

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21
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN METALS?

A

2000 TO 7000 M/S

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22
Q

HOW DOES SOUND TRAVEL IN SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES?

A

FASTEST IN SOLIDS, SLOWER IN LIQUIDS, SLOWEST IN GASES

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23
Q

WHAT DOES STIFFNESS DESCRIBE?

A

THE ABILITY OF AN OBJECT TO RESIST COMPRESSION

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24
Q

WHAT DOES DENSITY DESCRIBE?

A

THE RELATIVE WIGHT OF A MATERIAL

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25
Q

WHAT OCCURS WITH SHALLOW IMAGING?

A

LESS LISTENING
SHORTER PRP
HIGHER PRF
HIGHER DUTY FACTOR

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26
Q

WHAT OCCURS WITH DEEP IMAGING?

A

MORE LISTENING
LONGER PRP
LOWER PRF
LOWER DUTY FACTOR

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27
Q

WHAT DOES 3DB DO?

A

DOUBLES

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28
Q

WHAT DOES 10 DB DO?

A

TEN TIMES LARGER

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29
Q

WHAT DOES NEGATIVE 3 DB DO?

A

HALVES

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30
Q

WHAT DOES NEGATIVE 10 DB DO?

A

ONE-TENTH

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31
Q

WHAT IS MORE ATTENUATION ASSOCIATED WITH?

A

LONGER DISTANCES

HIGHER FREQUENCIES

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32
Q

WHAT IS LESS ATTENUATION ASSOCIATED WITH?

A

SHORTER DISTANCES

LOWER FREQUENCIES

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33
Q

WHAT IS ORGANIZED SOUND BACK TO THE TRANSDUCER CALLED?

A

SPECULAR

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34
Q

WHAT IS ORGANIZED SOUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS CALLED?

A

RAYLEIGH SCATTERING

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35
Q

WHAT IS DISORGANIZED SOUND BACK TO THE TRANSDUCER CALLED?

A

DIFFUSE / BACKSCATTER

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36
Q

WHAT IS DISORGANIZED SOUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS CALLED?

A

SCATTERING

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37
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT?

A

THE NUMBER OF DECIBELS OF ATTENUATION THAT OCCURS WHEN SOUND TRAVELS 1 CM

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38
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN WATER?

A

EXTREMELY LOW

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39
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN BLOOD, URINE, BIOLOGIC FLUIDS?

A

LOW

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40
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN FAT?

A

LOW

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41
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN SOFT TISSUE?

A

INTERMEDIATE

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42
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN MUSCLE?

A

HIGHER

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43
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN BONE & LUNG?

A

EVEN HIGHER

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44
Q

WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN AIR?

A

EXTREMELY HIGH

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45
Q

WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND?

A

THIN

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46
Q

WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR MEDIA WITH HIGH ATTENUATION RATE?

A

THIN

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47
Q

WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR LOW FREQUENCY SOUND?

A

THICK

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48
Q

WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR MEDIA WITH LOW ATTENUATION RATE?

A

THICK

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49
Q

WHAT ARE SYNONYMS FOR NORMAL INCIDENCE?

A

PERPENDICULAR
ORTHOGONAL
RIGHT ANGLE
90 DEGREES

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50
Q

WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 = SPEED 1?

A

NO REFRACTION (TRANSMISSION ANGLE = INCIDENT ANGLE)

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51
Q

WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 IS GREATER THAN SPEED 1?

A

TRANSMISSION ANGLE IS GREATER THAN INCIDENT ANGLE

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52
Q

WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 IS LESS THAN SPEED 1?

A

TRANSMISSION ANGLE IS LESS THAN INCIDENT ANGLE

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53
Q

WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFLECTION WITH NORMAL INCIDENCE?

A

DIFFERENT IMPEDANCES ARE REQUIRED

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54
Q

WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFLECTION WITH OBLIQUE INCIDENCE?

A

WE CANNOT PREDICT

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55
Q

WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSMISSION?

A

DERIVED FROM REFLECTION INFO, USE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

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56
Q

WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFRACTION?

A

OBLIQUE INCIDENCE / DIFFERENT SPEEDS REQUIRED

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57
Q

WHAT ARE SYNONYMS FOR PZT?

A

CERAMIC
ACTIVE ELEMENT
CRYSTAL

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58
Q

HOW IS THE PZT CRYSTAL SHAPED?

A

LIKE A COIN

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59
Q

WHAT ARE 2 FUNCTIONS OF THE MATCHING LAYER?

A

INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF SOUND ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN THE ACTIVE ELEMENT AND THE BODY

PROTECT THE ACTIVE ELEMENT

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60
Q

WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKING MATERIAL / DAMPING ELEMENT?

A 
REDUCES THE RINGING OF THE PZT
MADE OF EPOXY RESIN & TUNGSTEN FILAMENTS
EMITTED SOUND PULSE IS DAMPENED
PULSE BECOMES SHORT IN DURATION / LENGTH
ENHANCES AXIAL RESOLUTION!!!!!!
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61
Q

WHAT COLOR IS THE DAMPING ELEMENT?

A

YELLOW

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62
Q

HOW THICK IS THE PZT / ACTIVE ELEMENT MATERIAL?

A

ONE - HALF WAVELENGTH THICK

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63
Q

WHAT ARE 2 PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF THE MATCHING LAYER?

A

ONE-QUARTER WAVELENGTH THICK

BLUE MATERIAL

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64
Q

WHAT IS THE DECREASING ORDER OF IMPEDANCE?

A

PZT > MATCHING LAYER > GEL > SKIN

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65
Q

WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?

A 
PULSES W/SHORT DURATION AND LENGTH
USES BACKING MATERIAL TO LIMIT RINGING
REDUCED SENSITIVITY
WIDE BANDWIDTH OR BROADBAND
LOWER Q-FACTOR
IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION
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66
Q

WHAT HAS A LOWER Q FACTOR?

A

A SHORTER DAMPENED PULSE

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67
Q

WHAT HAS A HIGHER Q FACTOR?

A

A LONGER, UNDAMPENED PULSE

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68
Q

WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH FREQUENCY PULSED WAVE IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?

A

THINNER PZT CRYSTALS

PZT WITH HIGHER SPEEDS

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69
Q

WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW FREQUENCY PULSED WAVE IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?

A

THICKER PZT CRYSTALS

PZT WITH LOWER SPEEDS

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70
Q

WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT THE TRANSDUCER?

A

BEAM DIAMETER EQUALS TRANSDUCER DIAMETER

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71
Q

WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT THE FOCUS?

A

BEAM DIAMETER IS ONE-HALF TRANSDUCER DIAMETER

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72
Q

WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT 2 NEAR ZONE LENGTHS?

A

BEAM DIAMETER EQUALS TRANSDUCER DIAMETER

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73
Q

WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER DEEPER THAN 2 NEAR ZONE LENGTHS?

A

BEAM DIAMETER IS WIDER THAN TRANSDUCER DIAMETER

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74
Q

WHAT FACTORS AFFECT SHALLOW FOCUS?

A

SMALLER DIAMETER PZT

LOWER FREQUENCY

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75
Q

WHAT FACTORS AFFECT DEEP FOCUS?

A

LARGER DIAMETER PZT

HIGHER FREQUENCY

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76
Q

WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT BEAM DIVERGENCE IN THE FAR FIELD WITH LESS DIVERGENCE?

A

LARGER DIAMETER

HIGHER FREQUENCY

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77
Q

WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT BEAM DIVERGENCE IN THE FAR FIELD WITH MORE DIVERGENCE?

A

SMALLER DIAMETER

LOWER FREQUENCY

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78
Q

WHAT 2 THINGS IS AXIAL RESOLUTION RELATED TO?

A

SPATIAL PULSE LENGTH

PULSE DURATION

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79
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 THINGS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION?

A 
SHORTER SPATIAL PULSE LENGTH
SHORTER PULSE DURATION 
HIGHER FREQUENCIES (SHORTER WAVELENGTH)
FEWER CYCLES PER PULSE (LESS RINGING)
LOWER NUMERICAL VALUES
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80
Q

HOW IS LATERAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?

A

BY THE WIDTH OF THE SOUND BEAM (NARROWER BEAMS HAVE BETTER RESOLUTION)

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81
Q

IN LATERAL RESOLUTION, HOW DOES BEAM DIAMETER VARY?

A

WITH DEPTH (LATERAL RESOLUTION CHANGES WITH DEPTH)

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82
Q

DOES AXIAL RESOLUTION CHANGE?

A

NO, SAME AT ALL DEPTHS!!!!!

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83
Q

DOES LATERAL RESOLUTION CHANGE?

A

YES, CHANGES AT DEPTH, BEST AT FOCUS!!!!

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84
Q

IN NEAR FIELD WHAT IS AXIAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?

A

SHORTEST PULSE

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85
Q

IN NEAR FIELD WHAT IS LATERAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?

A

SMALLEST DIAMETER CRYSTAL

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86
Q

IN FAR FIELD WHAT IS AXIAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?

A

SHORTEST PULSE (ALSO)

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87
Q

IN FAR FIELD WHAT IS LATERAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?

A

LARGEST DIAMETER AND HIGHEST FREQUENCY (LEAST DIVERGENCE)

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88
Q

WHAT TYPE IS A LENS METHOD?

A

EXTERNAL
FIXED
CONVENTIONAL
OR MECHANICAL

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89
Q

WHAT TYPE IS A CURVED ACTIVE ELEMENT METHOD?

A

INTERNAL
FIXED
CONVENTIONAL
OR MECHANICAL

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90
Q

WHAT TYPE IS AN ELECTRONIC METHOD?

A

PHASED ARRAY

ADJUSTABLE

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91
Q

WHAT ARE 4 EFFECTS OF FOCUSING?

A

BEAM DIAMETER IN NEAR FIELD / FOCAL ZONE IS REDUCED
FOCAL DEPTH IS SHALLOWER
BEAM DIAMETER IN THE FAR ZONE INCREASES
FOCAL ZONE IS SMALLER

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92
Q

HOW IS FREQUENCY OF CONTINUOUS WAVE DETERMINED?

A

BY THE FREQUENCY OF ELECTRICAL SIGNAL FROM U/S SYSTEM

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93
Q

HOW IS FREQUENCY OF PULSED WAVE DETERMINED?

A

BY THICKNESS OF CERAMIC AND SPEED OF SOUND IN CERAMIC

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94
Q

HOW IS FOCAL LENGTH DETERMINED?

A

BY DIAMETER OF CERAMIC AND FREQUENCY OF SOUND

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95
Q

HOW IS BEAM DIVERGENCE DETERMINED?

A

BY DIAMETER OF CERAMIC AND FREQUENCY OF SOUND

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96
Q

HOW IS LATERAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?

A

BY BEAM WIDTH

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97
Q

WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR A MODE?

A

DEPTH
AMPLITUDE
NONE

98
Q

WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR B MODE?

A

DEPTH
NONE
AMPLITUDE

99
Q

WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR M MODE?

A

TIME
DEPTH
NONE

100
Q

WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR LINEAR?

A

ACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN A STRAIGHT LINE

101
Q

WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR ANNULAR?

A

ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED AS CIRCULAR RINGS WITH A COMMON CENTER

102
Q

WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR CONVEX?

A

ACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN A BOWED OR ARCHED LINE

THE TRANSDUCER MAY ALSO BE CALLED A CURVED OR CURVILINEAR ARRAY

103
Q

HOW IS THE SOUND BEAM FOR SLOPE?

A

STEERING altering the angle of the ultrasound beam with respect to the transducer without moving the probe. Beam steering allows a point on an image to be insonated from multiple angles from a single probe and a single position of the probe.

104
Q

HOW IS THE SOUND BEAM FOR CURVATURE?

A

TRANSMIT FOCUSING generator circuit for pulsing an array of transducers in an ultrasound pulse echo imaging system for transmission of a focused beam of coherent ultrasound energy. A system clock is separated into eight phases. Focusing is achieved by controlling the clock phase delay and burst delay of transmission from each transducer element.

105
Q

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION ON A MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER?

A

LOSS OF ENTIRE IMAGE

106
Q

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION ON LINEAR AND CONVEX ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?

A

DROPOUT OF IMAGE INFORMATION FROM THE TOP TO THE BOTTOM OF THE IMAGE
THE LOCATION OF THE LINE CORRESPONDS TO THE BROKEN CRYSTAL.

107
Q

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION OF PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?

A

ERRATIC STEERING AND FOCUSING

THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE IMAGE IS AFFECTED IS VARIABLE

108
Q

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION OF ANNULAR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?

A

A HORIZONTAL OR SIDE TO SIDE BAND OF DROPOUT AT A PARTICULAR DEPTH

109
Q

WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR A MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER?

A

SECTOR

110
Q

WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCER?

A

RECTANGULAR

111
Q

WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCER?

A

SECTOR

112
Q

WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCER?

A

SECTOR

113
Q

WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR CONVEX TRANSDUCER?

A

BLUNTED SECTOR

114
Q

WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR VECTOR TRANSDUCER?

A

TRAPEZOIDAL

115
Q

WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR MECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS?

A

MECHANICAL

116
Q

WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

117
Q

WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

118
Q

WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCERS?

A

MECHANICAL

119
Q

WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR CONVEX TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

120
Q

WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR VECTOR TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

121
Q

WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR MECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS?

A

FIXED

122
Q

WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

123
Q

WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

124
Q

WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

125
Q

WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR CONVEX AND VECTOR TRANSDUCERS?

A

ELECTRONIC

126
Q

HOW IS FRAME RATE DETERMINED?

A

SOUND’S SPEED IN THE MEDIUM

THE DEPTH OF IMAGING

127
Q

WHAT IS STATIC SCANNING?

A

IMAGES DISPLAYED ONE FRAME AT A TIME USING OLD SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY

128
Q

HOW IS TEMPORAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?

A

BY FRAME RATE

129
Q

DISPLAYING A HIGH NUMBER OF IMAGES PER SECOND DOES WHAT?

A

HIGH FRAME RATE IMPROVES TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

130
Q

WHAT AFFECTS FRAME RATE?

A

IMAGING DEPTH

NUMBER OF PULSES PER FRAME

131
Q

HOW DOES SHALLOW IMAGING AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A

SHORT GO-RETURN TIME
SHORTER T FRAME
HIGHER FRAME RATE
SUPERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

132
Q

HOW DOES DEEP IMAGING AFFECT DEEP IMAGING?

A

LONG GO-RETURN TIME
LONGER T FRAME
LOWER FRAME RATE
INFERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

133
Q

WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE NUMBER OF PULSES PER FRAME?

A

NUMBER OF FOCAL POINTS
SECTOR SIZE
LINE DENSITY

134
Q

HOW DOES SINGLE FOCUS AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A 
ONE PULSE PER SCAN LINE
SHORTER T FRAME
HIGHER FRAME RATE
BETTER TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
POORER LATERAL RESOLUTION
135
Q

HOW DOES MULTI-FOCUS AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A 
MANY PULSES PER SCAN LINE
LONGER T FRAME
LOWER FRAME RATE 
DIMINISHED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
IMPROVED LATERAL RESOLUTION
136
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU USE 4 FOCI?

A

EACH FOCUS REQUIRES ITS OWN SOUND PULSE, SO FOUR PULSES ARE NEEDED TO CREATE ONE SCAN LINE

137
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO EACH SCAN LINE WITH MULTI-FOCUSING?

A

EACH SCAN LINE HAS BETTER LATERAL RESOLUTION BECAUSE IT IS NARROW OVER A WIDE RANGE OF DEPTHS.

138
Q

HOW DOES NARROW SECTOR / FIELD OF VIEW AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A

FEWER PULSES PER FRAME
SHORTER T FRAME
HIGHER FRAME RATE
SUPERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

139
Q

HOW DOES WIDE SECTOR / FIELD OF VIEW AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A

MORE PULSES PER FRAME
LONGER T FRAME
LOWER FRAME RATE
INFERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

140
Q

WHAT IS LINE DENSITY?

A

ULTRASOUND SYSTEMS ALTERING THE SPACING BETWEEN SOUND BEAMS

141
Q

HOW DOES LOW LINE DENSITY AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A 
WIDELY SPACED LINES
FEWER PULSES PER FRAME
SHORTER T FRAME
HIGHER FRAME RATE
HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
POOR SPATIAL RESOLUTION
142
Q

HOW DOES HIGH LINE DENSITY AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A 
TIGHTLY PACKED LINES
MORE PULSES PER FRAME 
LONGER T FRAME
LOWER FRAME RATE
LOW TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
EXCELLENT SPATIAL RESOLUTION
143
Q

WHAT ARE BETTER/HIGHER FRAME RATE SETTINGS FOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A

SHALLOWER IMAGING
SINGLE FOCUS
NARROW SECTOR
LOW LINE DENSITY

144
Q

WHAT ARE BETTER/LOWER FRAME RATE SETTINGS FOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?

A

DEEPER IMAGING
MULTIPLE FOCAL POINTS (IMPROVES LATERAL RESOLUTION)
WIDE SECTOR
HIGH LINE DENSITY (IMPROVES SPATIAL RESOLUTION)

145
Q

HOW DOES SHALLOW IMAGING AFFECT DEPTH OF VIEW?

A

SHORTER LISTENING TIME
SHORTER PRP
HIGHER PRF

146
Q

HOW DOES DEEP IMAGING AFFECT DEPTH OF VIEW?

A

LONGER LISTENING TIME
LONGER PRP
LOWER PRF

147
Q

WITH ALL SIGNALS TREATED IDENTICALLY IN AMPLIFICATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?

A

ENTIRE IMAGE GETS BRIGHTER OR DARKER

148
Q

WITH SIGNALS TREATED DIFFERENTLY BASED ON REFLECTOR DEPTH WITH COMPENSATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?

A

IMAGE WILL BE UNIFORMLY BRIGHT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

149
Q

WITH SIGNALS TREATED DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING ON STRENGTH WITH COMPRESSION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?

A

IT CHANGES GRAY SCALE MAPPING

150
Q

BY PREPARING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO BE SUITABLE FOR DISPLAY IN DEMODULATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?

A

NONE

151
Q

IN REJECT FUNCTION, ONLY WEAK SIGNALS ARE AFFECTED AS STRONG SIGNALS REMAIN UNCHANGED. WHAT IS THIS EFFECT ON IMAGE?

A

WEAK ECHOES APPEAR OR ARE ELIMINATED FROM IMAGE.

152
Q

DOES OUTPUT POWER CHANGE THE BRIGHTNESS OF ENTIRE IMAGE?

A

YES

153
Q

DOES RECEIVER GAIN CHANGE THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE ENTIRE IMAGE?

A

YES

154
Q

DOES OUTPUT POWER ALTER THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO?

A

YES

155
Q

DOES RECEIVER GAIN ALTER THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO?

A

NO

156
Q

DOES OUTPUT POWER ALTER PATIENT EXPOSURE?

A

YES

157
Q

DOES RECEIVER GAIN CHANGE PATIENT EXPOSURE?

A

NO

158
Q

ARE THERE BIOEFFECT CONCERNS WITH OUTPUT POWER?

A

YES

159
Q

ARE THERE BIOEFFECT CONCERNS WITH RECEIVER GAIN?

A

NO

160
Q

WHAT DO YOU DECREASE FIRST IF IMAGE IS TOO BRIGHT?

A

OUTPUT POWER

161
Q

WHAT DO YOU INCREASE FIRST IF IMAGE IS TOO DARK?

A

RECEIVER GAIN

162
Q

WHAT DOES THE SCAN CONVERTER DO?

A

TRANSLATES INFORMATION FROM THE SPOKE FORMAT INTO THE VIDEO FORMAT

163
Q

DIGITAL NUMBERS HAVE WHAT KIND OF CHOICE OPTIONS?

A

LIMITED

164
Q

WHAT ARE 4 CONDITIONS FOR LOW PIXEL DENSITY?

A

FEW PIXELS PER INCH
LARGER PIXELS
LESS DETAILED IMAGE
LOWER SPATIAL RESOLUTION

165
Q

WHAT ARE 4 CONDITIONS FOR HIGH PIXEL DENSITY?

A

MANY PIXELS PER INCH
SMALLER PIXELS
MORE DETAILED IMAGE
HIGHER SPATIAL RESOLUTION

166
Q

WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIXELS?

A

IMAGE ELEMENT
IMAGE DETAIL
SPATIAL RESOLUTION

167
Q

WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF BITS?

A

COMPUTER MEMORY
GRAY SHADES
CONTRAST RESOLUTION

168
Q

**WHAT ARE THE 7 COMPONENTS OF PREPROCESSING?

A 
TGC
LOG COMPRESSION
**WRITE MAGNIFICATION
PERSISTENCE
SPATIAL COMPOUNDING
EDGE ENHANCEMENT
FILL-IN INTERPOLATION
169
Q

**WHAT ARE 5 COMPONENTS OF POSTPROCESSING?

A 
ANY CHANGE AFTER FREEZE FRAME
BLACK AND WHITE INVERSION
READ MAGNIFICATION
CONTRAST VARIATION
3D RENDERING
170
Q

WHAT 2 THINGS HAPPEN WITH FEWER BITS PER PIXEL?

A

FEWER SHADES OF GRAY

DEGRADED CONTRAST RESOLUTION

171
Q

WHAT 2 THINGS HAPPEN WITH MORE BITS PER PIXEL?

A

MORE SHADES OF GRAY

IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION

172
Q

WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIXELS?

A

IMAGE ELEMENT
IMAGE DETAIL
SPATIAL RESOLUTION

173
Q

WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF BITS?

A

COMPUTER MEMORY
GRAY SHADES
CONTRAST RESOLUTION

174
Q

**WHAT 5 THINGS DOES CODED EXCITATION PROVIDE?

A 
HIGHER SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION
IMPROVED SPATIAL RESOLUTION
IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION
DEEPER PENETRATION
175
Q

**WHAT ARE 6 COMPONENTS OF READ MAGNIFICATION?

A 
USES OLD DATA
POST PROCESSING
LARGER PIXEL SIZE
SAME NUMBER OF PIXELS AS IN THE ORIGINAL ROI
UNCHANGED SPATIAL RESOLUTION
UNCHANGED TEMPORAL RESOUTION
176
Q

**WHAT ARE 6 COMPONENTS OF WRITE MAGNIFICATION?

A 
ACQUIRES NEW DATA
PRE PROCESSING
IDENTICAL PIXEL SIZE
MORE PIXELS THAN IN THE ORIGINAL ROI
IMPROVED SPATIAL RESOLUTION
MAY IMPROVE TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
177
Q

WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF PAPER MEDIA (CHARTS)?

A

PORTABILITY

DOES NOT REQUIRE A DEVICE TO READ

178
Q

WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF MAGNETIC MEDIA (COMPUTER DISCS, MEMORY, MAGNETIC TAPE, VIDEO TAPE?)

A

ABLE TO STORE LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION EFFICIENTLY
CAN STORE AND PLAY DYNAMIC IMAGES
CAN RECORD COLOR

179
Q

WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF CHEMICALLY MEDIATED PHOTOGRAPHS (FLAT FILMS, MULTI FORMAT CAMERA FILM)?

A

HIGH RESOLUTION
ACCEPTED IN THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY
CAN PRODUCE COLOR IMAGES

180
Q

WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL MEDIA (LASER DISCS, COMPACT DISCS)?

A

STORE HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
INEXPENSIVE
NOT ERASED BY EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

181
Q

WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF PAPER MEDIA?

A

BULKY, HARD TO STORE
DIFFICULT TO MAKE COPIES
CANNOT DISPLAY DYNAMIC IMAGES

182
Q

WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC MEDIA?

A

CAN BE ERASED BY STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS

183
Q

WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES FOR CHEMICALLY MEDIATED PHOTOGRAPHS?

A

BULKY, DIFFICULT TO STORE AND RETRIEVE
REQUIRES CHEMICAL PROCESSING
ARTIFACTS CAN ARISE FROM DIRT OR CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION

184
Q

WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL MEDIA?

A

REQUIRES A DISPLAY SYSTEM

NO STANDARDIZED FORMAT FOR IMAGE DISPLAY AND STORAGE

185
Q

WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE?

A

A METHOD OF REPORTING THE EXTENT TO WHICH A SIGNAL CAN VARY AND STILL BE ACCURATELY MEASURED.

186
Q

WHAT UNITS ARE USED FOR DYNAMIC RANGE?

A

DECIBELS

187
Q

(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF A TRANSDUCER?)

A

120 DB

188
Q

(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF RECEIVER?)

A

100 TO 120 DB

189
Q

(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF SCAN CONVERTER?)

A

40 TO 50 DB

190
Q

(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF DISPLAY?)

A

20 TO 30 DB

191
Q

(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF ARCHIVE?)

A

10 TO 30 DB

192
Q

(WHAT ARE 4 THINGS IMAGES WITH FEWER SHADES HAVE?)

A

FEW CHOICES
BLACK AND WHITE (BISTABLE)
NARROW DYNAMIC RANGE
HIGH CONTRAST

193
Q

(WHAT ARE 4 THINGS IMAGES WITH MORE SHADES HAVE?)

A

MANY CHOICES
GRAY SCALE
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
LOW CONTRAST

194
Q

WHAT IS FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY?

A

THE FREQUENCY OF SOUND CREATED BY THE TRANSDUCER AND TRANSMITTED INTO THE BODY.

195
Q

WHAT IS HARMONIC FREQUENCY?

A

TWICE THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY (AKA SECOND HARMONIC FREQUENCY)

196
Q

WHAT IS LINEAR BEHAVIOR?

A

PROPORTIONAL OR SYMMETRICAL. LINEAR SYSTEMS RESPOND IN AN EVEN MANNER

197
Q

WHAT IS NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR?

A

IRREGULAR OR DISPROPORTIONATE. A SYSTEM IS NONLINEAR WHEN IT BEHAVES UNEVENLY.

198
Q

WHAT ARE 2 ATTRIBUTES OF LOWER MI?

A

SMALL PRESSURE VARIATION

HIGHER FREQUENCY

199
Q

WHAT ARE 2 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHER MI?

A

LARGE PRESSURE VARIATION

LOWER FREQUENCY

200
Q

WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF LOW MI (LESS THAN 0.1)?

A 
NO HARMONICS
BACKSCATTER
LINEAR BEHAVIOR
HIGHER FREQUENCY SOUND
LOW BEAM STRENGTH
BUBBLE EXPANDS VERY LITTLE
201
Q

WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHER MI (0.1 TO 1.0)?

A 
SOME HARMONICS
RESONANCE
NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR
LOWER FREQUENCY SOUND
HIGHER BEAM STRENGTH
BUBBLE EXPANDS MODERATELY
202
Q

WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHEST MI (GREATER THAN 1)?

A 
STRONGEST HARMONICS
BUBBLE DISRUPTION
EXTREME NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR
LOWEST FREQUENCY SOUND
HIGHEST BEAM STRENGTH
BUBBLE EXPANDS GREATLY
203
Q

WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF TISSUE HARMONICS?

A

CREATED DURING TRANSMISSION IN TISSUE
OCCURS AS SOUND PROPAGATES IN TISSUE
RESULTS FROM NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF TRANSMITTED SOUND BEAM
WEAKER HARMONIC SIGNAL

204
Q

WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF CONTRAST HARMONICS?

A

CREATED DURING REFLECTION OFF OF MICROBUBBLE
OCCUR ONLY WHEN CONTRAST AGENTS PRESENT/MI’S GREATER THAN 0.1
RESULTS FROM NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF MICROBUBBLE
STRONGER HARMONIC SIGNAL

205
Q

WHAT IS PULSATILE FLOW?

A

OCCURS WHEN BLOOD MOVES WITH A VARIABLE VELOCITY. BLOOD ACCELERATES AND DECELERATES AS A RESULT OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION. (ARTERIAL CIRCULATION)

206
Q

WHAT IS PHASIC FLOW?

A

OCCURS WHEN BLOOD MOVES WITH A VARIABLE VELOCITY AS A RESULT OF RESPIRATION. (VENOUS CIRCULATION)

207
Q

WHAT IS STEADY FLOW?

A

OCCURS WHEN FLUID MOVES AT A CONSTANT SPEED (HOSE).

PRESENT IN VENOUS CIRCULATION WHEN BREATHING STOPS

208
Q

WHAT IS TURBULENT FLOW?

A

CHAOTIC FLOW PATTERN IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS (STREAMLINES OFTEN OBLITERATED)

209
Q

WHAT ARE 5 EFFECTS OF A STENOSIS?

A 
CHANGE IN FLOW DIRECTION
INCREASED VELOCITY AS VESSEL NARROWS
TURBULENCE DOWNSTREAM FROM A STENOSIS
PRESSURE GRADIENT ACROSS THE STENOSIS
LOSS OF PULSATILITY
210
Q

WHAT ARE 3 ATTRIBUTES OF OHM’S LAW WITH FLUIDS?

A

PRESSURE
FLOW
PERSISTANCE

211
Q

WHAT ARE 3 ATTRIBUTES OF OHM’S LAW WITH ELECTRICITY?

A

VOLTAGE
CURRENT
RESISTANCE (OHMS)

212
Q

WHAT ARE 2 THINGS DOPPLER SHIFT (HZ) IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO?

A

VELOCITY

TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY

213
Q

WHAT IS THE NYQUIST LIMIT?

A

THE HIGHEST DOPPLER FREQUENCY OR VELOCITY THAT CAN BE MEASURED WITHOUT THE APPEARANCE OF ALIASING

214
Q

WHAT ARE 3 THINGS THAT MAY CAUSE LESS ALIASING?

A

SLOWER BLOOD VELOCITY
LOWER FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
SHALLOW GATE (HIGH PRF)

215
Q

WHAT ARE 3 THINGS THAT MAY CAUSE MORE ALIASING?

A

FASTER BLOOD VELOCITY
HIGHER FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
DEEP GATE (LOW PRF)

216
Q

***WHAT ARE 5 TECHNIQUES THAT ELIMINATE ALIASING?

A 
ADJUST SCALE
NEW, SHALLOWER VIEW
LOWER TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY
ZERO BASELINE SHIFT
CW DOPPLER
217
Q

**WHAT DOES ADJUSTING SCALE DO REGARDING ALIASING?

A

INCREASES NYQUIST LIMIT

218
Q

**WHAT DOES A NEW SHALLOWER VIEW DO REGARDING ALIASING?

A

INCREASES NYQUIST LIMIT

219
Q

**WHAT DOES LOWER TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY DO REGARDING ALIASING?

A

DECREASES DOPPLER SHIFT

220
Q

**WHAT DOES ZERO BASELINE SHIFT DO REGARDING ALIASING?

A

ALIASING REMAINS BUT DISPLAY MORE APPEALING

221
Q

**WHAT DOES CW DOPPLER DO REGARDING ALIASING?

A

NEVER ALIASES, BUT RANGE AMBIGUITY OCCURS (return signal from a reflection will appear to be arriving from a distance less than the true range of the reflection when the wavelength of the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is less than the range of the reflection

222
Q

**WHAT ARE 4 LIMITATIONS OF PULSED DOPPLER?

A

RANGE RESOLUTION
SAMPLE VOLUME
LIMITED MAXIMUM VELOCITY (NYQUIST)
ALIASING

223
Q

**WHAT ARE 4 LIMITATIONS OR CW DOPPLER?

A

RANGE AMBIGUITY
REGION OF OVERLAP
UNLIMITED MAXIMUM VELOCITY
NO ALIASING

224
Q

**WHAT ARE 5 ATTRIBUTES OF PULSED DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?

A 
AT LEAST ONE CRYSTAL
DAMPENED PZT
LOW Q-FACTOR
WIDE BANDWIDTH
LOWER SENSITIVITY
225
Q

**WHAT ARE 5 ATTRIBUTES OF CW DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?

A 
AT LEAST 2 CRYSTALS
UNDAMPENED PZT
HIGH Q FACTOR
NARROW BANDWIDTH
HIGHER SENSITIVITY
226
Q

**WHAT ARE 4 IMAGING ATTRIBUTES OF PULSED DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?

A

NORMAL INCIDENCE (90 DEGREES)
HIGHER FREQUENCY (IMPROVES RESOLUTION)
PULSED WAVE ONLY
MINIMUM OF 1 CRYSTAL

227
Q

**WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF CW DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?

A

ZERO OR 180 DEGREES
LOWER FREQUENCY (AVOIDS ALIASING)
PULSED OR CW
MINIMUM OF 1 PULSED / 2 CW CRYSTALS

228
Q

***WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF CW DOPPLER?

A 
IDENTIFIES HIGHEST VELOCITY JETS ANYWHERE ALONG THE BEAM
RANGE AMBIGUITY
MOST SENSITIVE
VERY GOOD TEMPORAL RESOLUTION 
NO ALIASING
PEAK VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
229
Q

***WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF PW DOPPLER?

A 
ACCURATELY IDENTIFIES THE LOCATION OF FLOW
RANGE RESOLUTION
MODERATELY SENSITIVE
VERY GOOD TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
SUBJECT TO ALIASING
PEAK VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
230
Q

**WHAT ARE 7 MODALITIES OF COLOR FLOW?

A

PROVIDES 2D FLOW INFO DIRECTLY ON ANATOMIC IMAGE
RANGE RESOLUTION
MODERATELY SENSITIVE
SIZE OF COLOR JET MOST AFFECTED BY COLOR DOPPLER GAIN SETTINGS
REDUCED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION DUE TO MULTIPLE PACKETS
BASED ON PULSED U/S, SUBJECT TO ALIASING
MEAN VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

231
Q

**WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF POWER MODE?

A

USED WITH LOW VELOCITY / SMALL VOLUME BLOOD FLOW
RANGE RESOLUTION
GREATER SENSITIVITY THAN COLOR FLOW
LOWEST TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
SUBJECT TO FLASH ARTIFACT, NOT TO ALIASING
NO VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

232
Q

WHAT ARE 2 TYPES OF REDUCING LOBE ARTIFACTS?

A

SUBDICING

APODIZATION

233
Q

**WHAT KIND OF ARTIFACTS DEGRADE LATERAL RESOLUTION?

A

**REFRACTION (ANGLED WOULD GO SIDEWAYS)

LOBE ARTIFACT

234
Q

WHAT KIND OF ARTIFACT CREATES ONE REFLECTION ON THE IMAGE FROM 2 CLOSELY SPACED REFLECTORS?

A

AXIAL RESOLUTION

235
Q

WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF ANATOMIC REFLECTORS ABSENT ON IMAGE?

A

SHADOWING
SHADOWING BY REFRACTION
LATERAL RESOLUTION
AXIAL RESOLUTION

236
Q

WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTOR APPEARING MULTIPLE TIMES ON IMAGE, ARTIFACT POSITIONED DEEPER THAN THE TRUE ANATOMY?

A

COMET TAIL
RING DOWN
REVERBERATIONS
MIRROR IMAGE

237
Q

WHAT ARE 3 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTOR APPEARING MULTIPLES TIMES ON IMAGE, ARTIFACT DISPLACED TO THE SIDE OF THE TRUE ANATOMY?

A

REFRACTION
SIDE LOBE
GRATING LOBE

238
Q

WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTORS APPEARING WITH ABNORMAL BRIGHTNESS?

A

ENCHANCEMENT (HYPER ECHOIC)
BANDING (HYPER ECHOIC)
SHADOWING (HYPO ECHOIC)
SHADOWING BY REFRACTION (HYPO ECHOIC)

239
Q

WHAT ARE 2 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES APPEARING AT INCORRECT DEPTH?

A

SPEED ERRORS

RANGE AMBIGUITY ARTIFACT

240
Q

WHAT ARE A POSSIBLE CAUSE FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES APPEARING IN THE INCORRECT IMAGING PLANE?

A

SLICE / SECTION THICKNESS

241
Q

WHAT ARE 2 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES NOT CORRESPONDING TO ECHOES ON THE IMAGE?

A

ACOUSTIC SPECKLE

MULTIPATH

242
Q

**WHAT IS QUALITY ASSURANCE?

A

THE ROUTINE, PERIODIC EVALUATION OF AN U/S SYSTEM TO GUARANTEE OPTIMAL IMAGE QUALITY. (ROUTINELY WITH NO STRICT TIME FRAME)

AN SPI VOCAB (7 decks)

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