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EDELMAN - ALL TABLES Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE THE SEVEN ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS?

A 
PERIOD
FREQUENCY
AMPLITUDE
POWER
INTENSITY
WAVELENGTH
PROPAGATION SPEED
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2
Q

WHAT IS PERIOD?

A

THE TIME IT TAKES A WAVE TO VIBRATE A SINGLE CYCLE

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3
Q

WHAT IS FREQUENCY?

A

THE NUMBER OF PARTICULAR EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN A SPECIFIC DURATION OF TIME

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4
Q

WHAT IS INFRASOUND?

A

LESS THAN 20 HERTZ

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5
Q

WHAT IS AUDIBLE SOUND?

A

BETWEEN 20 HERTZ AND 20 KHZ

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6
Q

WHAT IS ULTRASOUND?

A

GREATER THAN 20 KHZ

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7
Q

WHAT IS AMPLITUDE?

A

THE BIGNESS OF THE WAVE

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8
Q

WHAT IS POWER?

A

THE RATE OF ENERGY TRANSFER OR WHICH WORK IS PERFORMED

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9
Q

WHAT IS INTENSITY?

A

THE CONCENTRATION OF ENERGY IN A SOUND BEAM

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10
Q

WHAT IS WAVELENGTH?

A

THE DISTANCE OR LENGTH OF ONE COMPLETE CYCLE

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11
Q

WHAT IS PROPAGATION SPEED?

A

THE RATE AT WHICH A SOUND WAVE TRAVELS THROUGH A MEDIUM

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12
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN LUNG?

A

500 M/S

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13
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN FAT?

A

1450 M/S

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14
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN LIVER?

A

1560 M/S

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15
Q

WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN BLOOD?

A

1560 M/S (SAME AS LIVER)

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN MUSCLE?

A

1600 M/S

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN TENDON?

A

1700 M/S

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN BONE?

A

3500 M/S

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19
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR?

A

330 M/S

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER?

A

1480 M/S

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21
Q

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN METALS?

A

2000 TO 7000 M/S

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22
Q

HOW DOES SOUND TRAVEL IN SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES?

A

FASTEST IN SOLIDS, SLOWER IN LIQUIDS, SLOWEST IN GASES

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23
Q

WHAT DOES STIFFNESS DESCRIBE?

A

THE ABILITY OF AN OBJECT TO RESIST COMPRESSION

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24
Q

WHAT DOES DENSITY DESCRIBE?

A

THE RELATIVE WIGHT OF A MATERIAL

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25
WHAT OCCURS WITH SHALLOW IMAGING?
LESS LISTENING SHORTER PRP HIGHER PRF HIGHER DUTY FACTOR
26
WHAT OCCURS WITH DEEP IMAGING?
MORE LISTENING LONGER PRP LOWER PRF LOWER DUTY FACTOR
27
WHAT DOES 3DB DO?
DOUBLES
28
WHAT DOES 10 DB DO?
TEN TIMES LARGER
29
WHAT DOES NEGATIVE 3 DB DO?
HALVES
30
WHAT DOES NEGATIVE 10 DB DO?
ONE-TENTH
31
WHAT IS MORE ATTENUATION ASSOCIATED WITH?
LONGER DISTANCES | HIGHER FREQUENCIES
32
WHAT IS LESS ATTENUATION ASSOCIATED WITH?
SHORTER DISTANCES | LOWER FREQUENCIES
33
WHAT IS ORGANIZED SOUND BACK TO THE TRANSDUCER CALLED?
SPECULAR
34
WHAT IS ORGANIZED SOUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS CALLED?
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
35
WHAT IS DISORGANIZED SOUND BACK TO THE TRANSDUCER CALLED?
DIFFUSE / BACKSCATTER
36
WHAT IS DISORGANIZED SOUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS CALLED?
SCATTERING
37
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT?
THE NUMBER OF DECIBELS OF ATTENUATION THAT OCCURS WHEN SOUND TRAVELS 1 CM
38
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN WATER?
EXTREMELY LOW
39
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN BLOOD, URINE, BIOLOGIC FLUIDS?
LOW
40
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN FAT?
LOW
41
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN SOFT TISSUE?
INTERMEDIATE
42
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN MUSCLE?
HIGHER
43
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN BONE & LUNG?
EVEN HIGHER
44
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN AIR?
EXTREMELY HIGH
45
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND?
THIN
46
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR MEDIA WITH HIGH ATTENUATION RATE?
THIN
47
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR LOW FREQUENCY SOUND?
THICK
48
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR MEDIA WITH LOW ATTENUATION RATE?
THICK
49
WHAT ARE SYNONYMS FOR NORMAL INCIDENCE?
PERPENDICULAR ORTHOGONAL RIGHT ANGLE 90 DEGREES
50
WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 = SPEED 1?
NO REFRACTION (TRANSMISSION ANGLE = INCIDENT ANGLE)
51
WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 IS GREATER THAN SPEED 1?
TRANSMISSION ANGLE IS GREATER THAN INCIDENT ANGLE
52
WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 IS LESS THAN SPEED 1?
TRANSMISSION ANGLE IS LESS THAN INCIDENT ANGLE
53
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFLECTION WITH NORMAL INCIDENCE?
DIFFERENT IMPEDANCES ARE REQUIRED
54
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFLECTION WITH OBLIQUE INCIDENCE?
WE CANNOT PREDICT
55
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSMISSION?
DERIVED FROM REFLECTION INFO, USE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
56
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFRACTION?
OBLIQUE INCIDENCE / DIFFERENT SPEEDS REQUIRED
57
WHAT ARE SYNONYMS FOR PZT?
CERAMIC ACTIVE ELEMENT CRYSTAL
58
HOW IS THE PZT CRYSTAL SHAPED?
LIKE A COIN
59
WHAT ARE 2 FUNCTIONS OF THE MATCHING LAYER?
INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF SOUND ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN THE ACTIVE ELEMENT AND THE BODY PROTECT THE ACTIVE ELEMENT
60
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKING MATERIAL / DAMPING ELEMENT?
``` REDUCES THE RINGING OF THE PZT MADE OF EPOXY RESIN & TUNGSTEN FILAMENTS EMITTED SOUND PULSE IS DAMPENED PULSE BECOMES SHORT IN DURATION / LENGTH ENHANCES AXIAL RESOLUTION!!!!!! ```
61
WHAT COLOR IS THE DAMPING ELEMENT?
YELLOW
62
HOW THICK IS THE PZT / ACTIVE ELEMENT MATERIAL?
ONE - HALF WAVELENGTH THICK
63
WHAT ARE 2 PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF THE MATCHING LAYER?
ONE-QUARTER WAVELENGTH THICK | BLUE MATERIAL
64
WHAT IS THE DECREASING ORDER OF IMPEDANCE?
PZT > MATCHING LAYER > GEL > SKIN
65
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?
``` PULSES W/SHORT DURATION AND LENGTH USES BACKING MATERIAL TO LIMIT RINGING REDUCED SENSITIVITY WIDE BANDWIDTH OR BROADBAND LOWER Q-FACTOR IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION ```
66
WHAT HAS A LOWER Q FACTOR?
A SHORTER DAMPENED PULSE
67
WHAT HAS A HIGHER Q FACTOR?
A LONGER, UNDAMPENED PULSE
68
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH FREQUENCY PULSED WAVE IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?
THINNER PZT CRYSTALS | PZT WITH HIGHER SPEEDS
69
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW FREQUENCY PULSED WAVE IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?
THICKER PZT CRYSTALS | PZT WITH LOWER SPEEDS
70
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT THE TRANSDUCER?
BEAM DIAMETER EQUALS TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
71
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT THE FOCUS?
BEAM DIAMETER IS ONE-HALF TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
72
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT 2 NEAR ZONE LENGTHS?
BEAM DIAMETER EQUALS TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
73
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER DEEPER THAN 2 NEAR ZONE LENGTHS?
BEAM DIAMETER IS WIDER THAN TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
74
WHAT FACTORS AFFECT SHALLOW FOCUS?
SMALLER DIAMETER PZT | LOWER FREQUENCY
75
WHAT FACTORS AFFECT DEEP FOCUS?
LARGER DIAMETER PZT | HIGHER FREQUENCY
76
WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT BEAM DIVERGENCE IN THE FAR FIELD WITH LESS DIVERGENCE?
LARGER DIAMETER | HIGHER FREQUENCY
77
WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT BEAM DIVERGENCE IN THE FAR FIELD WITH MORE DIVERGENCE?
SMALLER DIAMETER | LOWER FREQUENCY
78
WHAT 2 THINGS IS AXIAL RESOLUTION RELATED TO?
SPATIAL PULSE LENGTH | PULSE DURATION
79
WHAT ARE THE 5 THINGS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION?
``` SHORTER SPATIAL PULSE LENGTH SHORTER PULSE DURATION HIGHER FREQUENCIES (SHORTER WAVELENGTH) FEWER CYCLES PER PULSE (LESS RINGING) LOWER NUMERICAL VALUES ```
80
HOW IS LATERAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?
BY THE WIDTH OF THE SOUND BEAM (NARROWER BEAMS HAVE BETTER RESOLUTION)
81
IN LATERAL RESOLUTION, HOW DOES BEAM DIAMETER VARY?
WITH DEPTH (LATERAL RESOLUTION CHANGES WITH DEPTH)
82
DOES AXIAL RESOLUTION CHANGE?
NO, SAME AT ALL DEPTHS!!!!!
83
DOES LATERAL RESOLUTION CHANGE?
YES, CHANGES AT DEPTH, BEST AT FOCUS!!!!
84
IN NEAR FIELD WHAT IS AXIAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
SHORTEST PULSE
85
IN NEAR FIELD WHAT IS LATERAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
SMALLEST DIAMETER CRYSTAL
86
IN FAR FIELD WHAT IS AXIAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
SHORTEST PULSE (ALSO)
87
IN FAR FIELD WHAT IS LATERAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
LARGEST DIAMETER AND HIGHEST FREQUENCY (LEAST DIVERGENCE)
88
WHAT TYPE IS A LENS METHOD?
EXTERNAL FIXED CONVENTIONAL OR MECHANICAL
89
WHAT TYPE IS A CURVED ACTIVE ELEMENT METHOD?
INTERNAL FIXED CONVENTIONAL OR MECHANICAL
90
WHAT TYPE IS AN ELECTRONIC METHOD?
PHASED ARRAY | ADJUSTABLE
91
WHAT ARE 4 EFFECTS OF FOCUSING?
BEAM DIAMETER IN NEAR FIELD / FOCAL ZONE IS REDUCED FOCAL DEPTH IS SHALLOWER BEAM DIAMETER IN THE FAR ZONE INCREASES FOCAL ZONE IS SMALLER
92
HOW IS FREQUENCY OF CONTINUOUS WAVE DETERMINED?
BY THE FREQUENCY OF ELECTRICAL SIGNAL FROM U/S SYSTEM
93
HOW IS FREQUENCY OF PULSED WAVE DETERMINED?
BY THICKNESS OF CERAMIC AND SPEED OF SOUND IN CERAMIC
94
HOW IS FOCAL LENGTH DETERMINED?
BY DIAMETER OF CERAMIC AND FREQUENCY OF SOUND
95
HOW IS BEAM DIVERGENCE DETERMINED?
BY DIAMETER OF CERAMIC AND FREQUENCY OF SOUND
96
HOW IS LATERAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?
BY BEAM WIDTH
97
WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR A MODE?
DEPTH AMPLITUDE NONE
98
WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR B MODE?
DEPTH NONE AMPLITUDE
99
WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR M MODE?
TIME DEPTH NONE
100
WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR LINEAR?
ACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN A STRAIGHT LINE
101
WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR ANNULAR?
ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED AS CIRCULAR RINGS WITH A COMMON CENTER
102
WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR CONVEX?
ACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN A BOWED OR ARCHED LINE | THE TRANSDUCER MAY ALSO BE CALLED A CURVED OR CURVILINEAR ARRAY
103
HOW IS THE SOUND BEAM FOR SLOPE?
STEERING altering the angle of the ultrasound beam with respect to the transducer without moving the probe. Beam steering allows a point on an image to be insonated from multiple angles from a single probe and a single position of the probe.
104
HOW IS THE SOUND BEAM FOR CURVATURE?
TRANSMIT FOCUSING generator circuit for pulsing an array of transducers in an ultrasound pulse echo imaging system for transmission of a focused beam of coherent ultrasound energy. A system clock is separated into eight phases. Focusing is achieved by controlling the clock phase delay and burst delay of transmission from each transducer element.
105
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION ON A MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER?
LOSS OF ENTIRE IMAGE
106
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION ON LINEAR AND CONVEX ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
DROPOUT OF IMAGE INFORMATION FROM THE TOP TO THE BOTTOM OF THE IMAGE THE LOCATION OF THE LINE CORRESPONDS TO THE BROKEN CRYSTAL.
107
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION OF PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
ERRATIC STEERING AND FOCUSING | THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE IMAGE IS AFFECTED IS VARIABLE
108
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION OF ANNULAR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
A HORIZONTAL OR SIDE TO SIDE BAND OF DROPOUT AT A PARTICULAR DEPTH
109
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR A MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER?
SECTOR
110
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCER?
RECTANGULAR
111
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCER?
SECTOR
112
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCER?
SECTOR
113
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR CONVEX TRANSDUCER?
BLUNTED SECTOR
114
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR VECTOR TRANSDUCER?
TRAPEZOIDAL
115
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR MECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS?
MECHANICAL
116
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
117
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
118
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCERS?
MECHANICAL
119
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR CONVEX TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
120
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR VECTOR TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
121
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR MECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS?
FIXED
122
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
123
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
124
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
125
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR CONVEX AND VECTOR TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
126
HOW IS FRAME RATE DETERMINED?
SOUND'S SPEED IN THE MEDIUM | THE DEPTH OF IMAGING
127
WHAT IS STATIC SCANNING?
IMAGES DISPLAYED ONE FRAME AT A TIME USING OLD SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY
128
HOW IS TEMPORAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?
BY FRAME RATE
129
DISPLAYING A HIGH NUMBER OF IMAGES PER SECOND DOES WHAT?
HIGH FRAME RATE IMPROVES TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
130
WHAT AFFECTS FRAME RATE?
IMAGING DEPTH | NUMBER OF PULSES PER FRAME
131
HOW DOES SHALLOW IMAGING AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
SHORT GO-RETURN TIME SHORTER T FRAME HIGHER FRAME RATE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
132
HOW DOES DEEP IMAGING AFFECT DEEP IMAGING?
LONG GO-RETURN TIME LONGER T FRAME LOWER FRAME RATE INFERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
133
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE NUMBER OF PULSES PER FRAME?
NUMBER OF FOCAL POINTS SECTOR SIZE LINE DENSITY
134
HOW DOES SINGLE FOCUS AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
``` ONE PULSE PER SCAN LINE SHORTER T FRAME HIGHER FRAME RATE BETTER TEMPORAL RESOLUTION POORER LATERAL RESOLUTION ```
135
HOW DOES MULTI-FOCUS AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
``` MANY PULSES PER SCAN LINE LONGER T FRAME LOWER FRAME RATE DIMINISHED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IMPROVED LATERAL RESOLUTION ```
136
WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU USE 4 FOCI?
EACH FOCUS REQUIRES ITS OWN SOUND PULSE, SO FOUR PULSES ARE NEEDED TO CREATE ONE SCAN LINE
137
WHAT HAPPENS TO EACH SCAN LINE WITH MULTI-FOCUSING?
EACH SCAN LINE HAS BETTER LATERAL RESOLUTION BECAUSE IT IS NARROW OVER A WIDE RANGE OF DEPTHS.
138
HOW DOES NARROW SECTOR / FIELD OF VIEW AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
FEWER PULSES PER FRAME SHORTER T FRAME HIGHER FRAME RATE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
139
HOW DOES WIDE SECTOR / FIELD OF VIEW AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
MORE PULSES PER FRAME LONGER T FRAME LOWER FRAME RATE INFERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
140
WHAT IS LINE DENSITY?
ULTRASOUND SYSTEMS ALTERING THE SPACING BETWEEN SOUND BEAMS
141
HOW DOES LOW LINE DENSITY AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
``` WIDELY SPACED LINES FEWER PULSES PER FRAME SHORTER T FRAME HIGHER FRAME RATE HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION POOR SPATIAL RESOLUTION ```
142
HOW DOES HIGH LINE DENSITY AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
``` TIGHTLY PACKED LINES MORE PULSES PER FRAME LONGER T FRAME LOWER FRAME RATE LOW TEMPORAL RESOLUTION EXCELLENT SPATIAL RESOLUTION ```
143
WHAT ARE BETTER/HIGHER FRAME RATE SETTINGS FOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
SHALLOWER IMAGING SINGLE FOCUS NARROW SECTOR LOW LINE DENSITY
144
WHAT ARE BETTER/LOWER FRAME RATE SETTINGS FOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
DEEPER IMAGING MULTIPLE FOCAL POINTS (IMPROVES LATERAL RESOLUTION) WIDE SECTOR HIGH LINE DENSITY (IMPROVES SPATIAL RESOLUTION)
145
HOW DOES SHALLOW IMAGING AFFECT DEPTH OF VIEW?
SHORTER LISTENING TIME SHORTER PRP HIGHER PRF
146
HOW DOES DEEP IMAGING AFFECT DEPTH OF VIEW?
LONGER LISTENING TIME LONGER PRP LOWER PRF
147
WITH ALL SIGNALS TREATED IDENTICALLY IN AMPLIFICATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
ENTIRE IMAGE GETS BRIGHTER OR DARKER
148
WITH SIGNALS TREATED DIFFERENTLY BASED ON REFLECTOR DEPTH WITH COMPENSATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
IMAGE WILL BE UNIFORMLY BRIGHT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
149
WITH SIGNALS TREATED DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING ON STRENGTH WITH COMPRESSION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
IT CHANGES GRAY SCALE MAPPING
150
BY PREPARING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO BE SUITABLE FOR DISPLAY IN DEMODULATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
NONE
151
IN REJECT FUNCTION, ONLY WEAK SIGNALS ARE AFFECTED AS STRONG SIGNALS REMAIN UNCHANGED. WHAT IS THIS EFFECT ON IMAGE?
WEAK ECHOES APPEAR OR ARE ELIMINATED FROM IMAGE.
152
DOES OUTPUT POWER CHANGE THE BRIGHTNESS OF ENTIRE IMAGE?
YES
153
DOES RECEIVER GAIN CHANGE THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE ENTIRE IMAGE?
YES
154
DOES OUTPUT POWER ALTER THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO?
YES
155
DOES RECEIVER GAIN ALTER THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO?
NO
156
DOES OUTPUT POWER ALTER PATIENT EXPOSURE?
YES
157
DOES RECEIVER GAIN CHANGE PATIENT EXPOSURE?
NO
158
ARE THERE BIOEFFECT CONCERNS WITH OUTPUT POWER?
YES
159
ARE THERE BIOEFFECT CONCERNS WITH RECEIVER GAIN?
NO
160
WHAT DO YOU DECREASE FIRST IF IMAGE IS TOO BRIGHT?
OUTPUT POWER
161
WHAT DO YOU INCREASE FIRST IF IMAGE IS TOO DARK?
RECEIVER GAIN
162
WHAT DOES THE SCAN CONVERTER DO?
TRANSLATES INFORMATION FROM THE SPOKE FORMAT INTO THE VIDEO FORMAT
163
DIGITAL NUMBERS HAVE WHAT KIND OF CHOICE OPTIONS?
LIMITED
164
WHAT ARE 4 CONDITIONS FOR LOW PIXEL DENSITY?
FEW PIXELS PER INCH LARGER PIXELS LESS DETAILED IMAGE LOWER SPATIAL RESOLUTION
165
WHAT ARE 4 CONDITIONS FOR HIGH PIXEL DENSITY?
MANY PIXELS PER INCH SMALLER PIXELS MORE DETAILED IMAGE HIGHER SPATIAL RESOLUTION
166
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIXELS?
IMAGE ELEMENT IMAGE DETAIL SPATIAL RESOLUTION
167
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF BITS?
COMPUTER MEMORY GRAY SHADES CONTRAST RESOLUTION
168
**WHAT ARE THE 7 COMPONENTS OF PREPROCESSING?
``` TGC LOG COMPRESSION **WRITE MAGNIFICATION PERSISTENCE SPATIAL COMPOUNDING EDGE ENHANCEMENT FILL-IN INTERPOLATION ```
169
**WHAT ARE 5 COMPONENTS OF POSTPROCESSING?
``` ANY CHANGE AFTER FREEZE FRAME BLACK AND WHITE INVERSION READ MAGNIFICATION CONTRAST VARIATION 3D RENDERING ```
170
WHAT 2 THINGS HAPPEN WITH FEWER BITS PER PIXEL?
FEWER SHADES OF GRAY | DEGRADED CONTRAST RESOLUTION
171
WHAT 2 THINGS HAPPEN WITH MORE BITS PER PIXEL?
MORE SHADES OF GRAY | IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION
172
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIXELS?
IMAGE ELEMENT IMAGE DETAIL SPATIAL RESOLUTION
173
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF BITS?
COMPUTER MEMORY GRAY SHADES CONTRAST RESOLUTION
174
**WHAT 5 THINGS DOES CODED EXCITATION PROVIDE?
``` HIGHER SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION IMPROVED SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION DEEPER PENETRATION ```
175
**WHAT ARE 6 COMPONENTS OF READ MAGNIFICATION?
``` USES OLD DATA POST PROCESSING LARGER PIXEL SIZE SAME NUMBER OF PIXELS AS IN THE ORIGINAL ROI UNCHANGED SPATIAL RESOLUTION UNCHANGED TEMPORAL RESOUTION ```
176
**WHAT ARE 6 COMPONENTS OF WRITE MAGNIFICATION?
``` ACQUIRES NEW DATA PRE PROCESSING IDENTICAL PIXEL SIZE MORE PIXELS THAN IN THE ORIGINAL ROI IMPROVED SPATIAL RESOLUTION MAY IMPROVE TEMPORAL RESOLUTION ```
177
WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF PAPER MEDIA (CHARTS)?
PORTABILITY | DOES NOT REQUIRE A DEVICE TO READ
178
WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF MAGNETIC MEDIA (COMPUTER DISCS, MEMORY, MAGNETIC TAPE, VIDEO TAPE?)
ABLE TO STORE LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION EFFICIENTLY CAN STORE AND PLAY DYNAMIC IMAGES CAN RECORD COLOR
179
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF CHEMICALLY MEDIATED PHOTOGRAPHS (FLAT FILMS, MULTI FORMAT CAMERA FILM)?
HIGH RESOLUTION ACCEPTED IN THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY CAN PRODUCE COLOR IMAGES
180
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL MEDIA (LASER DISCS, COMPACT DISCS)?
STORE HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA INEXPENSIVE NOT ERASED BY EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS
181
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF PAPER MEDIA?
BULKY, HARD TO STORE DIFFICULT TO MAKE COPIES CANNOT DISPLAY DYNAMIC IMAGES
182
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC MEDIA?
CAN BE ERASED BY STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS
183
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES FOR CHEMICALLY MEDIATED PHOTOGRAPHS?
BULKY, DIFFICULT TO STORE AND RETRIEVE REQUIRES CHEMICAL PROCESSING ARTIFACTS CAN ARISE FROM DIRT OR CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
184
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL MEDIA?
REQUIRES A DISPLAY SYSTEM | NO STANDARDIZED FORMAT FOR IMAGE DISPLAY AND STORAGE
185
WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE?
A METHOD OF REPORTING THE EXTENT TO WHICH A SIGNAL CAN VARY AND STILL BE ACCURATELY MEASURED.
186
WHAT UNITS ARE USED FOR DYNAMIC RANGE?
DECIBELS
187
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF A TRANSDUCER?)
120 DB
188
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF RECEIVER?)
100 TO 120 DB
189
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF SCAN CONVERTER?)
40 TO 50 DB
190
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF DISPLAY?)
20 TO 30 DB
191
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF ARCHIVE?)
10 TO 30 DB
192
(WHAT ARE 4 THINGS IMAGES WITH FEWER SHADES HAVE?)
FEW CHOICES BLACK AND WHITE (BISTABLE) NARROW DYNAMIC RANGE HIGH CONTRAST
193
(WHAT ARE 4 THINGS IMAGES WITH MORE SHADES HAVE?)
MANY CHOICES GRAY SCALE WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE LOW CONTRAST
194
WHAT IS FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY?
THE FREQUENCY OF SOUND CREATED BY THE TRANSDUCER AND TRANSMITTED INTO THE BODY.
195
WHAT IS HARMONIC FREQUENCY?
TWICE THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY (AKA SECOND HARMONIC FREQUENCY)
196
WHAT IS LINEAR BEHAVIOR?
PROPORTIONAL OR SYMMETRICAL. LINEAR SYSTEMS RESPOND IN AN EVEN MANNER
197
WHAT IS NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR?
IRREGULAR OR DISPROPORTIONATE. A SYSTEM IS NONLINEAR WHEN IT BEHAVES UNEVENLY.
198
WHAT ARE 2 ATTRIBUTES OF LOWER MI?
SMALL PRESSURE VARIATION | HIGHER FREQUENCY
199
WHAT ARE 2 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHER MI?
LARGE PRESSURE VARIATION | LOWER FREQUENCY
200
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF LOW MI (LESS THAN 0.1)?
``` NO HARMONICS BACKSCATTER LINEAR BEHAVIOR HIGHER FREQUENCY SOUND LOW BEAM STRENGTH BUBBLE EXPANDS VERY LITTLE ```
201
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHER MI (0.1 TO 1.0)?
``` SOME HARMONICS RESONANCE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR LOWER FREQUENCY SOUND HIGHER BEAM STRENGTH BUBBLE EXPANDS MODERATELY ```
202
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHEST MI (GREATER THAN 1)?
``` STRONGEST HARMONICS BUBBLE DISRUPTION EXTREME NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR LOWEST FREQUENCY SOUND HIGHEST BEAM STRENGTH BUBBLE EXPANDS GREATLY ```
203
WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF TISSUE HARMONICS?
CREATED DURING TRANSMISSION IN TISSUE OCCURS AS SOUND PROPAGATES IN TISSUE RESULTS FROM NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF TRANSMITTED SOUND BEAM WEAKER HARMONIC SIGNAL
204
WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF CONTRAST HARMONICS?
CREATED DURING REFLECTION OFF OF MICROBUBBLE OCCUR ONLY WHEN CONTRAST AGENTS PRESENT/MI'S GREATER THAN 0.1 RESULTS FROM NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF MICROBUBBLE STRONGER HARMONIC SIGNAL
205
WHAT IS PULSATILE FLOW?
OCCURS WHEN BLOOD MOVES WITH A VARIABLE VELOCITY. BLOOD ACCELERATES AND DECELERATES AS A RESULT OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION. (ARTERIAL CIRCULATION)
206
WHAT IS PHASIC FLOW?
OCCURS WHEN BLOOD MOVES WITH A VARIABLE VELOCITY AS A RESULT OF RESPIRATION. (VENOUS CIRCULATION)
207
WHAT IS STEADY FLOW?
OCCURS WHEN FLUID MOVES AT A CONSTANT SPEED (HOSE). | PRESENT IN VENOUS CIRCULATION WHEN BREATHING STOPS
208
WHAT IS TURBULENT FLOW?
CHAOTIC FLOW PATTERN IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS (STREAMLINES OFTEN OBLITERATED)
209
WHAT ARE 5 EFFECTS OF A STENOSIS?
``` CHANGE IN FLOW DIRECTION INCREASED VELOCITY AS VESSEL NARROWS TURBULENCE DOWNSTREAM FROM A STENOSIS PRESSURE GRADIENT ACROSS THE STENOSIS LOSS OF PULSATILITY ```
210
WHAT ARE 3 ATTRIBUTES OF OHM'S LAW WITH FLUIDS?
PRESSURE FLOW PERSISTANCE
211
WHAT ARE 3 ATTRIBUTES OF OHM'S LAW WITH ELECTRICITY?
VOLTAGE CURRENT RESISTANCE (OHMS)
212
WHAT ARE 2 THINGS DOPPLER SHIFT (HZ) IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO?
VELOCITY | TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY
213
WHAT IS THE NYQUIST LIMIT?
THE HIGHEST DOPPLER FREQUENCY OR VELOCITY THAT CAN BE MEASURED WITHOUT THE APPEARANCE OF ALIASING
214
WHAT ARE 3 THINGS THAT MAY CAUSE LESS ALIASING?
SLOWER BLOOD VELOCITY LOWER FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER SHALLOW GATE (HIGH PRF)
215
WHAT ARE 3 THINGS THAT MAY CAUSE MORE ALIASING?
FASTER BLOOD VELOCITY HIGHER FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER DEEP GATE (LOW PRF)
216
***WHAT ARE 5 TECHNIQUES THAT ELIMINATE ALIASING?
``` ADJUST SCALE NEW, SHALLOWER VIEW LOWER TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY ZERO BASELINE SHIFT CW DOPPLER ```
217
**WHAT DOES ADJUSTING SCALE DO REGARDING ALIASING?
INCREASES NYQUIST LIMIT
218
**WHAT DOES A NEW SHALLOWER VIEW DO REGARDING ALIASING?
INCREASES NYQUIST LIMIT
219
**WHAT DOES LOWER TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY DO REGARDING ALIASING?
DECREASES DOPPLER SHIFT
220
**WHAT DOES ZERO BASELINE SHIFT DO REGARDING ALIASING?
ALIASING REMAINS BUT DISPLAY MORE APPEALING
221
**WHAT DOES CW DOPPLER DO REGARDING ALIASING?
NEVER ALIASES, BUT RANGE AMBIGUITY OCCURS (return signal from a reflection will appear to be arriving from a distance less than the true range of the reflection when the wavelength of the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is less than the range of the reflection
222
**WHAT ARE 4 LIMITATIONS OF PULSED DOPPLER?
RANGE RESOLUTION SAMPLE VOLUME LIMITED MAXIMUM VELOCITY (NYQUIST) ALIASING
223
**WHAT ARE 4 LIMITATIONS OR CW DOPPLER?
RANGE AMBIGUITY REGION OF OVERLAP UNLIMITED MAXIMUM VELOCITY NO ALIASING
224
**WHAT ARE 5 ATTRIBUTES OF PULSED DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
``` AT LEAST ONE CRYSTAL DAMPENED PZT LOW Q-FACTOR WIDE BANDWIDTH LOWER SENSITIVITY ```
225
**WHAT ARE 5 ATTRIBUTES OF CW DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
``` AT LEAST 2 CRYSTALS UNDAMPENED PZT HIGH Q FACTOR NARROW BANDWIDTH HIGHER SENSITIVITY ```
226
**WHAT ARE 4 IMAGING ATTRIBUTES OF PULSED DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
NORMAL INCIDENCE (90 DEGREES) HIGHER FREQUENCY (IMPROVES RESOLUTION) PULSED WAVE ONLY MINIMUM OF 1 CRYSTAL
227
**WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF CW DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
ZERO OR 180 DEGREES LOWER FREQUENCY (AVOIDS ALIASING) PULSED OR CW MINIMUM OF 1 PULSED / 2 CW CRYSTALS
228
***WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF CW DOPPLER?
``` IDENTIFIES HIGHEST VELOCITY JETS ANYWHERE ALONG THE BEAM RANGE AMBIGUITY MOST SENSITIVE VERY GOOD TEMPORAL RESOLUTION NO ALIASING PEAK VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ```
229
***WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF PW DOPPLER?
``` ACCURATELY IDENTIFIES THE LOCATION OF FLOW RANGE RESOLUTION MODERATELY SENSITIVE VERY GOOD TEMPORAL RESOLUTION SUBJECT TO ALIASING PEAK VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ```
230
**WHAT ARE 7 MODALITIES OF COLOR FLOW?
PROVIDES 2D FLOW INFO DIRECTLY ON ANATOMIC IMAGE RANGE RESOLUTION MODERATELY SENSITIVE SIZE OF COLOR JET MOST AFFECTED BY COLOR DOPPLER GAIN SETTINGS REDUCED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION DUE TO MULTIPLE PACKETS BASED ON PULSED U/S, SUBJECT TO ALIASING MEAN VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
231
**WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF POWER MODE?
USED WITH LOW VELOCITY / SMALL VOLUME BLOOD FLOW RANGE RESOLUTION GREATER SENSITIVITY THAN COLOR FLOW LOWEST TEMPORAL RESOLUTION SUBJECT TO FLASH ARTIFACT, NOT TO ALIASING NO VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
232
WHAT ARE 2 TYPES OF REDUCING LOBE ARTIFACTS?
SUBDICING | APODIZATION
233
**WHAT KIND OF ARTIFACTS DEGRADE LATERAL RESOLUTION?
**REFRACTION (ANGLED WOULD GO SIDEWAYS) | LOBE ARTIFACT
234
WHAT KIND OF ARTIFACT CREATES ONE REFLECTION ON THE IMAGE FROM 2 CLOSELY SPACED REFLECTORS?
AXIAL RESOLUTION
235
WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF ANATOMIC REFLECTORS ABSENT ON IMAGE?
SHADOWING SHADOWING BY REFRACTION LATERAL RESOLUTION AXIAL RESOLUTION
236
WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTOR APPEARING MULTIPLE TIMES ON IMAGE, ARTIFACT POSITIONED DEEPER THAN THE TRUE ANATOMY?
COMET TAIL RING DOWN REVERBERATIONS MIRROR IMAGE
237
WHAT ARE 3 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTOR APPEARING MULTIPLES TIMES ON IMAGE, ARTIFACT DISPLACED TO THE SIDE OF THE TRUE ANATOMY?
REFRACTION SIDE LOBE GRATING LOBE
238
WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTORS APPEARING WITH ABNORMAL BRIGHTNESS?
ENCHANCEMENT (HYPER ECHOIC) BANDING (HYPER ECHOIC) SHADOWING (HYPO ECHOIC) SHADOWING BY REFRACTION (HYPO ECHOIC)
239
WHAT ARE 2 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES APPEARING AT INCORRECT DEPTH?
SPEED ERRORS | RANGE AMBIGUITY ARTIFACT
240
WHAT ARE A POSSIBLE CAUSE FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES APPEARING IN THE INCORRECT IMAGING PLANE?
SLICE / SECTION THICKNESS
241
WHAT ARE 2 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES NOT CORRESPONDING TO ECHOES ON THE IMAGE?
ACOUSTIC SPECKLE | MULTIPATH
242
**WHAT IS QUALITY ASSURANCE?
THE ROUTINE, PERIODIC EVALUATION OF AN U/S SYSTEM TO GUARANTEE OPTIMAL IMAGE QUALITY. (ROUTINELY WITH NO STRICT TIME FRAME)

AN SPI VOCAB (7 decks)

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