EDELMAN - ALL TABLES Flashcards
WHAT ARE THE SEVEN ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS?
PERIOD FREQUENCY AMPLITUDE POWER INTENSITY WAVELENGTH PROPAGATION SPEED
WHAT IS PERIOD?
THE TIME IT TAKES A WAVE TO VIBRATE A SINGLE CYCLE
WHAT IS FREQUENCY?
THE NUMBER OF PARTICULAR EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN A SPECIFIC DURATION OF TIME
WHAT IS INFRASOUND?
LESS THAN 20 HERTZ
WHAT IS AUDIBLE SOUND?
BETWEEN 20 HERTZ AND 20 KHZ
WHAT IS ULTRASOUND?
GREATER THAN 20 KHZ
WHAT IS AMPLITUDE?
THE BIGNESS OF THE WAVE
WHAT IS POWER?
THE RATE OF ENERGY TRANSFER OR WHICH WORK IS PERFORMED
WHAT IS INTENSITY?
THE CONCENTRATION OF ENERGY IN A SOUND BEAM
WHAT IS WAVELENGTH?
THE DISTANCE OR LENGTH OF ONE COMPLETE CYCLE
WHAT IS PROPAGATION SPEED?
THE RATE AT WHICH A SOUND WAVE TRAVELS THROUGH A MEDIUM
WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN LUNG?
500 M/S
WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN FAT?
1450 M/S
WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN LIVER?
1560 M/S
WHAT IS SPEED OF SOUND IN BLOOD?
1560 M/S (SAME AS LIVER)
WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN MUSCLE?
1600 M/S
WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN TENDON?
1700 M/S
WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN BONE?
3500 M/S
WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR?
330 M/S
WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER?
1480 M/S
WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SOUND IN METALS?
2000 TO 7000 M/S
HOW DOES SOUND TRAVEL IN SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES?
FASTEST IN SOLIDS, SLOWER IN LIQUIDS, SLOWEST IN GASES
WHAT DOES STIFFNESS DESCRIBE?
THE ABILITY OF AN OBJECT TO RESIST COMPRESSION
WHAT DOES DENSITY DESCRIBE?
THE RELATIVE WIGHT OF A MATERIAL
WHAT OCCURS WITH SHALLOW IMAGING?
LESS LISTENING
SHORTER PRP
HIGHER PRF
HIGHER DUTY FACTOR
WHAT OCCURS WITH DEEP IMAGING?
MORE LISTENING
LONGER PRP
LOWER PRF
LOWER DUTY FACTOR
WHAT DOES 3DB DO?
DOUBLES
WHAT DOES 10 DB DO?
TEN TIMES LARGER
WHAT DOES NEGATIVE 3 DB DO?
HALVES
WHAT DOES NEGATIVE 10 DB DO?
ONE-TENTH
WHAT IS MORE ATTENUATION ASSOCIATED WITH?
LONGER DISTANCES
HIGHER FREQUENCIES
WHAT IS LESS ATTENUATION ASSOCIATED WITH?
SHORTER DISTANCES
LOWER FREQUENCIES
WHAT IS ORGANIZED SOUND BACK TO THE TRANSDUCER CALLED?
SPECULAR
WHAT IS ORGANIZED SOUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS CALLED?
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
WHAT IS DISORGANIZED SOUND BACK TO THE TRANSDUCER CALLED?
DIFFUSE / BACKSCATTER
WHAT IS DISORGANIZED SOUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS CALLED?
SCATTERING
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT?
THE NUMBER OF DECIBELS OF ATTENUATION THAT OCCURS WHEN SOUND TRAVELS 1 CM
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN WATER?
EXTREMELY LOW
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN BLOOD, URINE, BIOLOGIC FLUIDS?
LOW
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN FAT?
LOW
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN SOFT TISSUE?
INTERMEDIATE
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN MUSCLE?
HIGHER
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN BONE & LUNG?
EVEN HIGHER
WHAT IS THE ATTENUATION IN AIR?
EXTREMELY HIGH
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND?
THIN
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR MEDIA WITH HIGH ATTENUATION RATE?
THIN
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR LOW FREQUENCY SOUND?
THICK
WHAT IS THE HALF VALUE TYPE FOR MEDIA WITH LOW ATTENUATION RATE?
THICK
WHAT ARE SYNONYMS FOR NORMAL INCIDENCE?
PERPENDICULAR
ORTHOGONAL
RIGHT ANGLE
90 DEGREES
WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 = SPEED 1?
NO REFRACTION (TRANSMISSION ANGLE = INCIDENT ANGLE)
WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 IS GREATER THAN SPEED 1?
TRANSMISSION ANGLE IS GREATER THAN INCIDENT ANGLE
WHAT IS THE ANGLE OF TRANSMISSION IF SPEED 2 IS LESS THAN SPEED 1?
TRANSMISSION ANGLE IS LESS THAN INCIDENT ANGLE
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFLECTION WITH NORMAL INCIDENCE?
DIFFERENT IMPEDANCES ARE REQUIRED
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFLECTION WITH OBLIQUE INCIDENCE?
WE CANNOT PREDICT
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSMISSION?
DERIVED FROM REFLECTION INFO, USE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
WHAT IS THE REQUIREMENT FOR REFRACTION?
OBLIQUE INCIDENCE / DIFFERENT SPEEDS REQUIRED
WHAT ARE SYNONYMS FOR PZT?
CERAMIC
ACTIVE ELEMENT
CRYSTAL
HOW IS THE PZT CRYSTAL SHAPED?
LIKE A COIN
WHAT ARE 2 FUNCTIONS OF THE MATCHING LAYER?
INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF SOUND ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN THE ACTIVE ELEMENT AND THE BODY
PROTECT THE ACTIVE ELEMENT
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKING MATERIAL / DAMPING ELEMENT?
REDUCES THE RINGING OF THE PZT MADE OF EPOXY RESIN & TUNGSTEN FILAMENTS EMITTED SOUND PULSE IS DAMPENED PULSE BECOMES SHORT IN DURATION / LENGTH ENHANCES AXIAL RESOLUTION!!!!!!
WHAT COLOR IS THE DAMPING ELEMENT?
YELLOW
HOW THICK IS THE PZT / ACTIVE ELEMENT MATERIAL?
ONE - HALF WAVELENGTH THICK
WHAT ARE 2 PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF THE MATCHING LAYER?
ONE-QUARTER WAVELENGTH THICK
BLUE MATERIAL
WHAT IS THE DECREASING ORDER OF IMPEDANCE?
PZT > MATCHING LAYER > GEL > SKIN
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?
PULSES W/SHORT DURATION AND LENGTH USES BACKING MATERIAL TO LIMIT RINGING REDUCED SENSITIVITY WIDE BANDWIDTH OR BROADBAND LOWER Q-FACTOR IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT HAS A LOWER Q FACTOR?
A SHORTER DAMPENED PULSE
WHAT HAS A HIGHER Q FACTOR?
A LONGER, UNDAMPENED PULSE
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH FREQUENCY PULSED WAVE IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?
THINNER PZT CRYSTALS
PZT WITH HIGHER SPEEDS
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW FREQUENCY PULSED WAVE IMAGING TRANSDUCERS?
THICKER PZT CRYSTALS
PZT WITH LOWER SPEEDS
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT THE TRANSDUCER?
BEAM DIAMETER EQUALS TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT THE FOCUS?
BEAM DIAMETER IS ONE-HALF TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER AT 2 NEAR ZONE LENGTHS?
BEAM DIAMETER EQUALS TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
WHAT IS THE BEAM DIAMETER DEEPER THAN 2 NEAR ZONE LENGTHS?
BEAM DIAMETER IS WIDER THAN TRANSDUCER DIAMETER
WHAT FACTORS AFFECT SHALLOW FOCUS?
SMALLER DIAMETER PZT
LOWER FREQUENCY
WHAT FACTORS AFFECT DEEP FOCUS?
LARGER DIAMETER PZT
HIGHER FREQUENCY
WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT BEAM DIVERGENCE IN THE FAR FIELD WITH LESS DIVERGENCE?
LARGER DIAMETER
HIGHER FREQUENCY
WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT AFFECT BEAM DIVERGENCE IN THE FAR FIELD WITH MORE DIVERGENCE?
SMALLER DIAMETER
LOWER FREQUENCY
WHAT 2 THINGS IS AXIAL RESOLUTION RELATED TO?
SPATIAL PULSE LENGTH
PULSE DURATION
WHAT ARE THE 5 THINGS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION?
SHORTER SPATIAL PULSE LENGTH SHORTER PULSE DURATION HIGHER FREQUENCIES (SHORTER WAVELENGTH) FEWER CYCLES PER PULSE (LESS RINGING) LOWER NUMERICAL VALUES
HOW IS LATERAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?
BY THE WIDTH OF THE SOUND BEAM (NARROWER BEAMS HAVE BETTER RESOLUTION)
IN LATERAL RESOLUTION, HOW DOES BEAM DIAMETER VARY?
WITH DEPTH (LATERAL RESOLUTION CHANGES WITH DEPTH)
DOES AXIAL RESOLUTION CHANGE?
NO, SAME AT ALL DEPTHS!!!!!
DOES LATERAL RESOLUTION CHANGE?
YES, CHANGES AT DEPTH, BEST AT FOCUS!!!!
IN NEAR FIELD WHAT IS AXIAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
SHORTEST PULSE
IN NEAR FIELD WHAT IS LATERAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
SMALLEST DIAMETER CRYSTAL
IN FAR FIELD WHAT IS AXIAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
SHORTEST PULSE (ALSO)
IN FAR FIELD WHAT IS LATERAL RESOLUTION BEST WITH?
LARGEST DIAMETER AND HIGHEST FREQUENCY (LEAST DIVERGENCE)
WHAT TYPE IS A LENS METHOD?
EXTERNAL
FIXED
CONVENTIONAL
OR MECHANICAL
WHAT TYPE IS A CURVED ACTIVE ELEMENT METHOD?
INTERNAL
FIXED
CONVENTIONAL
OR MECHANICAL
WHAT TYPE IS AN ELECTRONIC METHOD?
PHASED ARRAY
ADJUSTABLE
WHAT ARE 4 EFFECTS OF FOCUSING?
BEAM DIAMETER IN NEAR FIELD / FOCAL ZONE IS REDUCED
FOCAL DEPTH IS SHALLOWER
BEAM DIAMETER IN THE FAR ZONE INCREASES
FOCAL ZONE IS SMALLER
HOW IS FREQUENCY OF CONTINUOUS WAVE DETERMINED?
BY THE FREQUENCY OF ELECTRICAL SIGNAL FROM U/S SYSTEM
HOW IS FREQUENCY OF PULSED WAVE DETERMINED?
BY THICKNESS OF CERAMIC AND SPEED OF SOUND IN CERAMIC
HOW IS FOCAL LENGTH DETERMINED?
BY DIAMETER OF CERAMIC AND FREQUENCY OF SOUND
HOW IS BEAM DIVERGENCE DETERMINED?
BY DIAMETER OF CERAMIC AND FREQUENCY OF SOUND
HOW IS LATERAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?
BY BEAM WIDTH
WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR A MODE?
DEPTH
AMPLITUDE
NONE
WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR B MODE?
DEPTH
NONE
AMPLITUDE
WHAT IS X, Y, Z FOR M MODE?
TIME
DEPTH
NONE
WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR LINEAR?
ACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN A STRAIGHT LINE
WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR ANNULAR?
ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED AS CIRCULAR RINGS WITH A COMMON CENTER
WHAT IS THE ARRANGEMENT FOR CONVEX?
ACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN A BOWED OR ARCHED LINE
THE TRANSDUCER MAY ALSO BE CALLED A CURVED OR CURVILINEAR ARRAY
HOW IS THE SOUND BEAM FOR SLOPE?
STEERING altering the angle of the ultrasound beam with respect to the transducer without moving the probe. Beam steering allows a point on an image to be insonated from multiple angles from a single probe and a single position of the probe.
HOW IS THE SOUND BEAM FOR CURVATURE?
TRANSMIT FOCUSING generator circuit for pulsing an array of transducers in an ultrasound pulse echo imaging system for transmission of a focused beam of coherent ultrasound energy. A system clock is separated into eight phases. Focusing is achieved by controlling the clock phase delay and burst delay of transmission from each transducer element.
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION ON A MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER?
LOSS OF ENTIRE IMAGE
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION ON LINEAR AND CONVEX ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
DROPOUT OF IMAGE INFORMATION FROM THE TOP TO THE BOTTOM OF THE IMAGE
THE LOCATION OF THE LINE CORRESPONDS TO THE BROKEN CRYSTAL.
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION OF PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
ERRATIC STEERING AND FOCUSING
THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE IMAGE IS AFFECTED IS VARIABLE
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MALFUNCTION OF ANNULAR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
A HORIZONTAL OR SIDE TO SIDE BAND OF DROPOUT AT A PARTICULAR DEPTH
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR A MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER?
SECTOR
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCER?
RECTANGULAR
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCER?
SECTOR
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCER?
SECTOR
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR CONVEX TRANSDUCER?
BLUNTED SECTOR
WHAT IS THE IMAGE SHAPE FOR VECTOR TRANSDUCER?
TRAPEZOIDAL
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR MECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS?
MECHANICAL
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCERS?
MECHANICAL
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR CONVEX TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
WHAT IS THE STEERING TECHNIQUE FOR VECTOR TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR MECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS?
FIXED
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
WHAT IS THE FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR CONVEX AND VECTOR TRANSDUCERS?
ELECTRONIC
HOW IS FRAME RATE DETERMINED?
SOUND’S SPEED IN THE MEDIUM
THE DEPTH OF IMAGING
WHAT IS STATIC SCANNING?
IMAGES DISPLAYED ONE FRAME AT A TIME USING OLD SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY
HOW IS TEMPORAL RESOLUTION DETERMINED?
BY FRAME RATE
DISPLAYING A HIGH NUMBER OF IMAGES PER SECOND DOES WHAT?
HIGH FRAME RATE IMPROVES TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
WHAT AFFECTS FRAME RATE?
IMAGING DEPTH
NUMBER OF PULSES PER FRAME
HOW DOES SHALLOW IMAGING AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
SHORT GO-RETURN TIME
SHORTER T FRAME
HIGHER FRAME RATE
SUPERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
HOW DOES DEEP IMAGING AFFECT DEEP IMAGING?
LONG GO-RETURN TIME
LONGER T FRAME
LOWER FRAME RATE
INFERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE NUMBER OF PULSES PER FRAME?
NUMBER OF FOCAL POINTS
SECTOR SIZE
LINE DENSITY
HOW DOES SINGLE FOCUS AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
ONE PULSE PER SCAN LINE SHORTER T FRAME HIGHER FRAME RATE BETTER TEMPORAL RESOLUTION POORER LATERAL RESOLUTION
HOW DOES MULTI-FOCUS AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
MANY PULSES PER SCAN LINE LONGER T FRAME LOWER FRAME RATE DIMINISHED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IMPROVED LATERAL RESOLUTION
WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU USE 4 FOCI?
EACH FOCUS REQUIRES ITS OWN SOUND PULSE, SO FOUR PULSES ARE NEEDED TO CREATE ONE SCAN LINE
WHAT HAPPENS TO EACH SCAN LINE WITH MULTI-FOCUSING?
EACH SCAN LINE HAS BETTER LATERAL RESOLUTION BECAUSE IT IS NARROW OVER A WIDE RANGE OF DEPTHS.
HOW DOES NARROW SECTOR / FIELD OF VIEW AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
FEWER PULSES PER FRAME
SHORTER T FRAME
HIGHER FRAME RATE
SUPERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
HOW DOES WIDE SECTOR / FIELD OF VIEW AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
MORE PULSES PER FRAME
LONGER T FRAME
LOWER FRAME RATE
INFERIOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
WHAT IS LINE DENSITY?
ULTRASOUND SYSTEMS ALTERING THE SPACING BETWEEN SOUND BEAMS
HOW DOES LOW LINE DENSITY AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
WIDELY SPACED LINES FEWER PULSES PER FRAME SHORTER T FRAME HIGHER FRAME RATE HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION POOR SPATIAL RESOLUTION
HOW DOES HIGH LINE DENSITY AFFECT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
TIGHTLY PACKED LINES MORE PULSES PER FRAME LONGER T FRAME LOWER FRAME RATE LOW TEMPORAL RESOLUTION EXCELLENT SPATIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE BETTER/HIGHER FRAME RATE SETTINGS FOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
SHALLOWER IMAGING
SINGLE FOCUS
NARROW SECTOR
LOW LINE DENSITY
WHAT ARE BETTER/LOWER FRAME RATE SETTINGS FOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION?
DEEPER IMAGING
MULTIPLE FOCAL POINTS (IMPROVES LATERAL RESOLUTION)
WIDE SECTOR
HIGH LINE DENSITY (IMPROVES SPATIAL RESOLUTION)
HOW DOES SHALLOW IMAGING AFFECT DEPTH OF VIEW?
SHORTER LISTENING TIME
SHORTER PRP
HIGHER PRF
HOW DOES DEEP IMAGING AFFECT DEPTH OF VIEW?
LONGER LISTENING TIME
LONGER PRP
LOWER PRF
WITH ALL SIGNALS TREATED IDENTICALLY IN AMPLIFICATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
ENTIRE IMAGE GETS BRIGHTER OR DARKER
WITH SIGNALS TREATED DIFFERENTLY BASED ON REFLECTOR DEPTH WITH COMPENSATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
IMAGE WILL BE UNIFORMLY BRIGHT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
WITH SIGNALS TREATED DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING ON STRENGTH WITH COMPRESSION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
IT CHANGES GRAY SCALE MAPPING
BY PREPARING ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO BE SUITABLE FOR DISPLAY IN DEMODULATION, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON IMAGE?
NONE
IN REJECT FUNCTION, ONLY WEAK SIGNALS ARE AFFECTED AS STRONG SIGNALS REMAIN UNCHANGED. WHAT IS THIS EFFECT ON IMAGE?
WEAK ECHOES APPEAR OR ARE ELIMINATED FROM IMAGE.
DOES OUTPUT POWER CHANGE THE BRIGHTNESS OF ENTIRE IMAGE?
YES
DOES RECEIVER GAIN CHANGE THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE ENTIRE IMAGE?
YES
DOES OUTPUT POWER ALTER THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO?
YES
DOES RECEIVER GAIN ALTER THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO?
NO
DOES OUTPUT POWER ALTER PATIENT EXPOSURE?
YES
DOES RECEIVER GAIN CHANGE PATIENT EXPOSURE?
NO
ARE THERE BIOEFFECT CONCERNS WITH OUTPUT POWER?
YES
ARE THERE BIOEFFECT CONCERNS WITH RECEIVER GAIN?
NO
WHAT DO YOU DECREASE FIRST IF IMAGE IS TOO BRIGHT?
OUTPUT POWER
WHAT DO YOU INCREASE FIRST IF IMAGE IS TOO DARK?
RECEIVER GAIN
WHAT DOES THE SCAN CONVERTER DO?
TRANSLATES INFORMATION FROM THE SPOKE FORMAT INTO THE VIDEO FORMAT
DIGITAL NUMBERS HAVE WHAT KIND OF CHOICE OPTIONS?
LIMITED
WHAT ARE 4 CONDITIONS FOR LOW PIXEL DENSITY?
FEW PIXELS PER INCH
LARGER PIXELS
LESS DETAILED IMAGE
LOWER SPATIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE 4 CONDITIONS FOR HIGH PIXEL DENSITY?
MANY PIXELS PER INCH
SMALLER PIXELS
MORE DETAILED IMAGE
HIGHER SPATIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIXELS?
IMAGE ELEMENT
IMAGE DETAIL
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF BITS?
COMPUTER MEMORY
GRAY SHADES
CONTRAST RESOLUTION
**WHAT ARE THE 7 COMPONENTS OF PREPROCESSING?
TGC LOG COMPRESSION **WRITE MAGNIFICATION PERSISTENCE SPATIAL COMPOUNDING EDGE ENHANCEMENT FILL-IN INTERPOLATION
**WHAT ARE 5 COMPONENTS OF POSTPROCESSING?
ANY CHANGE AFTER FREEZE FRAME BLACK AND WHITE INVERSION READ MAGNIFICATION CONTRAST VARIATION 3D RENDERING
WHAT 2 THINGS HAPPEN WITH FEWER BITS PER PIXEL?
FEWER SHADES OF GRAY
DEGRADED CONTRAST RESOLUTION
WHAT 2 THINGS HAPPEN WITH MORE BITS PER PIXEL?
MORE SHADES OF GRAY
IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIXELS?
IMAGE ELEMENT
IMAGE DETAIL
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF BITS?
COMPUTER MEMORY
GRAY SHADES
CONTRAST RESOLUTION
**WHAT 5 THINGS DOES CODED EXCITATION PROVIDE?
HIGHER SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO IMPROVED AXIAL RESOLUTION IMPROVED SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION DEEPER PENETRATION
**WHAT ARE 6 COMPONENTS OF READ MAGNIFICATION?
USES OLD DATA POST PROCESSING LARGER PIXEL SIZE SAME NUMBER OF PIXELS AS IN THE ORIGINAL ROI UNCHANGED SPATIAL RESOLUTION UNCHANGED TEMPORAL RESOUTION
**WHAT ARE 6 COMPONENTS OF WRITE MAGNIFICATION?
ACQUIRES NEW DATA PRE PROCESSING IDENTICAL PIXEL SIZE MORE PIXELS THAN IN THE ORIGINAL ROI IMPROVED SPATIAL RESOLUTION MAY IMPROVE TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF PAPER MEDIA (CHARTS)?
PORTABILITY
DOES NOT REQUIRE A DEVICE TO READ
WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF MAGNETIC MEDIA (COMPUTER DISCS, MEMORY, MAGNETIC TAPE, VIDEO TAPE?)
ABLE TO STORE LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION EFFICIENTLY
CAN STORE AND PLAY DYNAMIC IMAGES
CAN RECORD COLOR
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF CHEMICALLY MEDIATED PHOTOGRAPHS (FLAT FILMS, MULTI FORMAT CAMERA FILM)?
HIGH RESOLUTION
ACCEPTED IN THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY
CAN PRODUCE COLOR IMAGES
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL MEDIA (LASER DISCS, COMPACT DISCS)?
STORE HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
INEXPENSIVE
NOT ERASED BY EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF PAPER MEDIA?
BULKY, HARD TO STORE
DIFFICULT TO MAKE COPIES
CANNOT DISPLAY DYNAMIC IMAGES
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC MEDIA?
CAN BE ERASED BY STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES FOR CHEMICALLY MEDIATED PHOTOGRAPHS?
BULKY, DIFFICULT TO STORE AND RETRIEVE
REQUIRES CHEMICAL PROCESSING
ARTIFACTS CAN ARISE FROM DIRT OR CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL MEDIA?
REQUIRES A DISPLAY SYSTEM
NO STANDARDIZED FORMAT FOR IMAGE DISPLAY AND STORAGE
WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE?
A METHOD OF REPORTING THE EXTENT TO WHICH A SIGNAL CAN VARY AND STILL BE ACCURATELY MEASURED.
WHAT UNITS ARE USED FOR DYNAMIC RANGE?
DECIBELS
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF A TRANSDUCER?)
120 DB
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF RECEIVER?)
100 TO 120 DB
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF SCAN CONVERTER?)
40 TO 50 DB
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF DISPLAY?)
20 TO 30 DB
(WHAT IS DYNAMIC RANGE OF ARCHIVE?)
10 TO 30 DB
(WHAT ARE 4 THINGS IMAGES WITH FEWER SHADES HAVE?)
FEW CHOICES
BLACK AND WHITE (BISTABLE)
NARROW DYNAMIC RANGE
HIGH CONTRAST
(WHAT ARE 4 THINGS IMAGES WITH MORE SHADES HAVE?)
MANY CHOICES
GRAY SCALE
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
LOW CONTRAST
WHAT IS FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY?
THE FREQUENCY OF SOUND CREATED BY THE TRANSDUCER AND TRANSMITTED INTO THE BODY.
WHAT IS HARMONIC FREQUENCY?
TWICE THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY (AKA SECOND HARMONIC FREQUENCY)
WHAT IS LINEAR BEHAVIOR?
PROPORTIONAL OR SYMMETRICAL. LINEAR SYSTEMS RESPOND IN AN EVEN MANNER
WHAT IS NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR?
IRREGULAR OR DISPROPORTIONATE. A SYSTEM IS NONLINEAR WHEN IT BEHAVES UNEVENLY.
WHAT ARE 2 ATTRIBUTES OF LOWER MI?
SMALL PRESSURE VARIATION
HIGHER FREQUENCY
WHAT ARE 2 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHER MI?
LARGE PRESSURE VARIATION
LOWER FREQUENCY
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF LOW MI (LESS THAN 0.1)?
NO HARMONICS BACKSCATTER LINEAR BEHAVIOR HIGHER FREQUENCY SOUND LOW BEAM STRENGTH BUBBLE EXPANDS VERY LITTLE
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHER MI (0.1 TO 1.0)?
SOME HARMONICS RESONANCE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR LOWER FREQUENCY SOUND HIGHER BEAM STRENGTH BUBBLE EXPANDS MODERATELY
WHAT ARE 6 ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHEST MI (GREATER THAN 1)?
STRONGEST HARMONICS BUBBLE DISRUPTION EXTREME NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR LOWEST FREQUENCY SOUND HIGHEST BEAM STRENGTH BUBBLE EXPANDS GREATLY
WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF TISSUE HARMONICS?
CREATED DURING TRANSMISSION IN TISSUE
OCCURS AS SOUND PROPAGATES IN TISSUE
RESULTS FROM NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF TRANSMITTED SOUND BEAM
WEAKER HARMONIC SIGNAL
WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF CONTRAST HARMONICS?
CREATED DURING REFLECTION OFF OF MICROBUBBLE
OCCUR ONLY WHEN CONTRAST AGENTS PRESENT/MI’S GREATER THAN 0.1
RESULTS FROM NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF MICROBUBBLE
STRONGER HARMONIC SIGNAL
WHAT IS PULSATILE FLOW?
OCCURS WHEN BLOOD MOVES WITH A VARIABLE VELOCITY. BLOOD ACCELERATES AND DECELERATES AS A RESULT OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION. (ARTERIAL CIRCULATION)
WHAT IS PHASIC FLOW?
OCCURS WHEN BLOOD MOVES WITH A VARIABLE VELOCITY AS A RESULT OF RESPIRATION. (VENOUS CIRCULATION)
WHAT IS STEADY FLOW?
OCCURS WHEN FLUID MOVES AT A CONSTANT SPEED (HOSE).
PRESENT IN VENOUS CIRCULATION WHEN BREATHING STOPS
WHAT IS TURBULENT FLOW?
CHAOTIC FLOW PATTERN IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS (STREAMLINES OFTEN OBLITERATED)
WHAT ARE 5 EFFECTS OF A STENOSIS?
CHANGE IN FLOW DIRECTION INCREASED VELOCITY AS VESSEL NARROWS TURBULENCE DOWNSTREAM FROM A STENOSIS PRESSURE GRADIENT ACROSS THE STENOSIS LOSS OF PULSATILITY
WHAT ARE 3 ATTRIBUTES OF OHM’S LAW WITH FLUIDS?
PRESSURE
FLOW
PERSISTANCE
WHAT ARE 3 ATTRIBUTES OF OHM’S LAW WITH ELECTRICITY?
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
RESISTANCE (OHMS)
WHAT ARE 2 THINGS DOPPLER SHIFT (HZ) IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO?
VELOCITY
TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY
WHAT IS THE NYQUIST LIMIT?
THE HIGHEST DOPPLER FREQUENCY OR VELOCITY THAT CAN BE MEASURED WITHOUT THE APPEARANCE OF ALIASING
WHAT ARE 3 THINGS THAT MAY CAUSE LESS ALIASING?
SLOWER BLOOD VELOCITY
LOWER FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
SHALLOW GATE (HIGH PRF)
WHAT ARE 3 THINGS THAT MAY CAUSE MORE ALIASING?
FASTER BLOOD VELOCITY
HIGHER FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
DEEP GATE (LOW PRF)
***WHAT ARE 5 TECHNIQUES THAT ELIMINATE ALIASING?
ADJUST SCALE NEW, SHALLOWER VIEW LOWER TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY ZERO BASELINE SHIFT CW DOPPLER
**WHAT DOES ADJUSTING SCALE DO REGARDING ALIASING?
INCREASES NYQUIST LIMIT
**WHAT DOES A NEW SHALLOWER VIEW DO REGARDING ALIASING?
INCREASES NYQUIST LIMIT
**WHAT DOES LOWER TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY DO REGARDING ALIASING?
DECREASES DOPPLER SHIFT
**WHAT DOES ZERO BASELINE SHIFT DO REGARDING ALIASING?
ALIASING REMAINS BUT DISPLAY MORE APPEALING
**WHAT DOES CW DOPPLER DO REGARDING ALIASING?
NEVER ALIASES, BUT RANGE AMBIGUITY OCCURS (return signal from a reflection will appear to be arriving from a distance less than the true range of the reflection when the wavelength of the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is less than the range of the reflection
**WHAT ARE 4 LIMITATIONS OF PULSED DOPPLER?
RANGE RESOLUTION
SAMPLE VOLUME
LIMITED MAXIMUM VELOCITY (NYQUIST)
ALIASING
**WHAT ARE 4 LIMITATIONS OR CW DOPPLER?
RANGE AMBIGUITY
REGION OF OVERLAP
UNLIMITED MAXIMUM VELOCITY
NO ALIASING
**WHAT ARE 5 ATTRIBUTES OF PULSED DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
AT LEAST ONE CRYSTAL DAMPENED PZT LOW Q-FACTOR WIDE BANDWIDTH LOWER SENSITIVITY
**WHAT ARE 5 ATTRIBUTES OF CW DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
AT LEAST 2 CRYSTALS UNDAMPENED PZT HIGH Q FACTOR NARROW BANDWIDTH HIGHER SENSITIVITY
**WHAT ARE 4 IMAGING ATTRIBUTES OF PULSED DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
NORMAL INCIDENCE (90 DEGREES)
HIGHER FREQUENCY (IMPROVES RESOLUTION)
PULSED WAVE ONLY
MINIMUM OF 1 CRYSTAL
**WHAT ARE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF CW DOPPLER TRANSDUCER?
ZERO OR 180 DEGREES
LOWER FREQUENCY (AVOIDS ALIASING)
PULSED OR CW
MINIMUM OF 1 PULSED / 2 CW CRYSTALS
***WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF CW DOPPLER?
IDENTIFIES HIGHEST VELOCITY JETS ANYWHERE ALONG THE BEAM RANGE AMBIGUITY MOST SENSITIVE VERY GOOD TEMPORAL RESOLUTION NO ALIASING PEAK VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
***WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF PW DOPPLER?
ACCURATELY IDENTIFIES THE LOCATION OF FLOW RANGE RESOLUTION MODERATELY SENSITIVE VERY GOOD TEMPORAL RESOLUTION SUBJECT TO ALIASING PEAK VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
**WHAT ARE 7 MODALITIES OF COLOR FLOW?
PROVIDES 2D FLOW INFO DIRECTLY ON ANATOMIC IMAGE
RANGE RESOLUTION
MODERATELY SENSITIVE
SIZE OF COLOR JET MOST AFFECTED BY COLOR DOPPLER GAIN SETTINGS
REDUCED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION DUE TO MULTIPLE PACKETS
BASED ON PULSED U/S, SUBJECT TO ALIASING
MEAN VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
**WHAT ARE 6 MODALITIES OF POWER MODE?
USED WITH LOW VELOCITY / SMALL VOLUME BLOOD FLOW
RANGE RESOLUTION
GREATER SENSITIVITY THAN COLOR FLOW
LOWEST TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
SUBJECT TO FLASH ARTIFACT, NOT TO ALIASING
NO VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
WHAT ARE 2 TYPES OF REDUCING LOBE ARTIFACTS?
SUBDICING
APODIZATION
**WHAT KIND OF ARTIFACTS DEGRADE LATERAL RESOLUTION?
**REFRACTION (ANGLED WOULD GO SIDEWAYS)
LOBE ARTIFACT
WHAT KIND OF ARTIFACT CREATES ONE REFLECTION ON THE IMAGE FROM 2 CLOSELY SPACED REFLECTORS?
AXIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF ANATOMIC REFLECTORS ABSENT ON IMAGE?
SHADOWING
SHADOWING BY REFRACTION
LATERAL RESOLUTION
AXIAL RESOLUTION
WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTOR APPEARING MULTIPLE TIMES ON IMAGE, ARTIFACT POSITIONED DEEPER THAN THE TRUE ANATOMY?
COMET TAIL
RING DOWN
REVERBERATIONS
MIRROR IMAGE
WHAT ARE 3 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTOR APPEARING MULTIPLES TIMES ON IMAGE, ARTIFACT DISPLACED TO THE SIDE OF THE TRUE ANATOMY?
REFRACTION
SIDE LOBE
GRATING LOBE
WHAT ARE 4 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC REFLECTORS APPEARING WITH ABNORMAL BRIGHTNESS?
ENCHANCEMENT (HYPER ECHOIC)
BANDING (HYPER ECHOIC)
SHADOWING (HYPO ECHOIC)
SHADOWING BY REFRACTION (HYPO ECHOIC)
WHAT ARE 2 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES APPEARING AT INCORRECT DEPTH?
SPEED ERRORS
RANGE AMBIGUITY ARTIFACT
WHAT ARE A POSSIBLE CAUSE FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES APPEARING IN THE INCORRECT IMAGING PLANE?
SLICE / SECTION THICKNESS
WHAT ARE 2 POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR ANATOMIC STRUCTURES NOT CORRESPONDING TO ECHOES ON THE IMAGE?
ACOUSTIC SPECKLE
MULTIPATH
**WHAT IS QUALITY ASSURANCE?
THE ROUTINE, PERIODIC EVALUATION OF AN U/S SYSTEM TO GUARANTEE OPTIMAL IMAGE QUALITY. (ROUTINELY WITH NO STRICT TIME FRAME)
