Ectoparasitic Drugs Flashcards by Eloise Newsom

Neonicatinoid Action

Nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptor stimulants
Spastic Paralysis

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Neonicatinoid Examples

Imidacloprid - topical application
Nitenpryam - oral tablet
Dinotefuran - spot on

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Neonicatinoid licensing

All licenced in Cats/ Dogs

Imidacloprid also licenced in Rabbits

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Neonicatinoid Use

All used for fleas
Imidacloprid also used for lice

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Organophosphate action

Cholinesterase inhibitor
Flaccid paralysis

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Organophosphate example

Diazinon
Used for sheep dip

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Organophosphate uses

Wide range of ectoparasites
□ Sheep scab
□ Blow fly larvae
□ Lice
□ Ticks
□ Keds

NOT FLEAS

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Organophosphate licensing

Sheep

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Phenylpyrrazole Action

GABA inhibitor
Causes spastic paralysis

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Phenylpyrrazole example

Fipronil (frontline) - spot on

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Phenylpyrrazole Licensing

licensed in cats/dogs
Don’t use in rabbits (toxic)

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Phenylpyrrazole Uses

Fleas
Lice

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Isoxazoline Action

GABA + chloride channel inhibitors
Spastic Paralysis

CAREFUL IN PATIENTS WITH SEIZURES

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Isoxazoline examples

All end ‘-laner’
Fluralaner
Sarolaner
Afoxolaner
lotilaner
Esafoxolaner

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Isoxazoline Licensing

All licensed for fleas & ticks
All licensed for cats
ALSO:
Fluralaner - dogs and poultry (redmite)
Sarolaner - dogs
Afoxolaner - dogs

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Isoxazoline Uses

All for fleas and ticks (kills not prevents)
Fluralaner
Demodex/Sarcoptes (dogs)
Red mite (poultry)
Sarolaner
Demodex (dogs)
Sarcoptes (dogs)
Otodectes (dogs)
Afoxolaner
Demodex (dogs)
Sarcoptes (dogs)

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Macrocyclic lactones Action

Chloride Channel Stimulator
Flaccid paralysis
Prevents AP

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Macrocyclic lactones examples

Almost all end ‘-ectin’
Avermectins
* Abamectin
* Ivermectin
* Doramectin
* Eprinomectin
Selamectin
Milbemycins
* Milbemycin
* Moxidectin

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Macrocyclic lactones licensing

Ivermectin – toxic to chelonians
Large animals/horses
Birds
Many exotics
Doramectin
Farm animals
Eprinomectin
Farm animals
Selamectin
Dogs/cats
Milbemycin
Dogs/cats
Moxidectin
Dogs/cats
Horses
Farm animals

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Macrocyclic lactones uses

Avermectins
* Ivermectin
○ Lice, mites, roundworms
* Doramectin
○ Lice, flies, mites, roundworms
* Eprinomectin
○ Lice, flies, mites, roundworms
Selamectin
Fleas, sarcoptes, odectes, roundworms
Milbemycins
* Milbemycin
○ Roundworms
* Moxidectin
○ Lice, flies in farm animals
○ Roundworms

Pyrethroids action

Sodium channel stimulant
Spastic paralysis
Constant AP

Pyrethroids Examples

All end ‘-ethrin’
Permethrin
Cypermethrin
Deltamethrin
Flumethrin

Pyrethroids licensing

Permethrin - all but cats
Cypermethrin - farm, horses, exotic
Deltamethrin - farm and dogs
Flumethrin - dogs/cats (FL= feline)

Toxic to cats (except flumethrin) and aquatic life

Pyrethroids Uses

For all slowly kills and repels ticks
For all kills flies

Permethrin - fleas, lice, also repels flies

Cypermethrin - lice, also repels flies and larvae

Deltamethrin - lice and flies in farm species, fleas in dogs

Flumethrin - just ticks

Insect Growth Regulators Action

Juvenile hormone analogues Chitin synthesis inhibitors Triazine derivatives No adulticidal properties - only works on juveniles

Juvenile hormone analogues Action

Mimic juvenile hormones Keep them suspended in juvenile stage

Juvenile hormone analogues examples

S-methoprene Pyriproxyfen

Juvenile hormone analogues licensing

Dogs and cats

Juvenile hormone analogues uses

Prevention of development of fleas Does not kill Environmental flea sprays

Chitin synthesis inhibitors examples, licensing and uses

Lufenuron - dogs and cats Prevents development of flies - doesn't kill Must treat all animals in houshold

Triazine derivatives examples and licensing

Cyromazine - sheep, rabbits Dicyclanil - sheep

Triazine derivatives uses

Prevention of blowfly strike (Prevention of cutaneous myiasis) Acts on larvae not adults

Benzimidazole Action

ONLY NON-NEUROTOXIC ANTIPARASITIC DRUG Disruption of microtubule assembly 1 - Bind to β-tubulin 2 - Inhibition/blockage of polymerisation 3 - Causes abnormal microtubule formation 4 - Disrupts intracellular homeostasis and energy metabolism

Benzimidazole examples

end in '-azole' Febantel Fenbendazole

Benzimidazole licensing

Febantel - dog Fenbendazole - dog, cat, rabbit

Benzimidazole uses

Febantel - roundworms Fenbendazole - roundworms and tapeworms

Tetrahydropyrimidines/ imidazothiazoles action

Nicotinic Ach receptor stimulants 1 - Act as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (Cholinergic agonist) 2 - Mimic Ach action (excitatory) Cause spastic paralysis of worms

Tetrahydropyrimidines/ imidazothiazoles example, licensing and uses

Pyrantel - dog and cat roundworms

Pyrazinoisoquinolones example, licensing and uses

Praziquantel - cats/dogs - tapeworms

Synergist action

inhibits insect detoxification pathways Increases available concentration of insecticide Use in conjunction with another Usually with pyrethrins

Other Insecticide Options

Repellents Synergists Lime sulphur dip Desiccants - dry them out Mechanical agents - damage exoskeleton?

Hexahydropyrazine example, licensing and uses

Piperazine/diethylcarbamazine - Dog and cat Roundworms

Hexahydropyrazine action

GABA agonist Flaccid paralysis

Cyclic octadepsipeptide Action

Act on specific class of transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors called depsiphilins Flaccid paralysis

Cyclic octadepsipeptide example, licensing and uses

Emodepside - cat, roundworms

Aminoacetonitrile derivatives action

Iterfere with a specific Ach receptor MPTL-1 receptors Causes hyper contraction and spastic paralysis

Aminoacetonitrile derivatives example, licensing and uses

monepental - sheep, roundworms

Spiroindole action

ACh antagonist Flaccid paralysis