Ecosystems - Tropical Rainforests Flashcards

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1
Q

Climate

A

No definite seasons

Hot - 20-28 degrees → sun’s energy is more intense near the equator as it is overhead all year round

High rainfall → 2000mm per year

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2
Q

Plants

A

Most trees are evergreen → help take advantage of the continual growing season

Vegetation cover is dense → little light reaches the floor

Epiphytes (plants that grow on other living plants + take nutrients + moisture from the air)

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3
Q

Soil

A

Isn’t fertile → heavy rain washes nutrients away

Surface nutrient due to decayed leaf fall → thin surface as decay is fast in warm, moist conditions

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4
Q

People

A

Many native people have adapted to life in the rainforest

They make a living by hunting, fishing, gathering nuts and berries + growing vegetables

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5
Q

Animals

A

Rainforest ecosystems are believed to contain the most animal species

e.g Gorillas, jaguars, anacondas, tree frogs, sloths, monkeys

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6
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of organisms living in a particular area - plants + animals

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7
Q

Biodiversity in the Rainforest

A

High biodiversity → contain approx 50% of the world’s plant, animal and insect species

Climate is constant → Plants and animals don’t have to adapt to changing conditions

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8
Q

Interdependent ecosystem

A

All components depend on each other

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9
Q

Nutrients cycle

A

Warm + wet climate helps fungi + bacteria on the forest floor to decompose dead plant material → surface soil high in nutrients

Plants pass on nutrient when eaten by animals

When animals die nutrients is transferred back to the soil → making it richer

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10
Q

Symbiotic relationship

A

Animals and plant species depend on one another for survival

e.g Agouti (rodents) eat Brazil nuts + bury them which sprout new seedlings → increases population of Brazil nut trees
If agouti became extinct Brazil nut tree population would decline

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11
Q

Plant adaptations

A

Adapted to:

  • high rainfall
  • high temperatures
  • competition for light
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12
Q

Adaptations - Trees

A

Compete for sunlight by growing tall

Smooth, thin bark → helps water run off

Tree trunks are supported by large stable buttress roots

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13
Q

Adaptations - Plants

A

Thick waxy leaves → Repel the rain

Drip tips → Channel rainwater + encouraging runoff so the leaf is not damaged by the weight
→ No standing water for bacteria + fungi to grow

Drop leaves through the year → They can go on growing all year round

Climbing plants (lianas) use tree trunks to reach the light

Under canopy plants have large leaves → to absorb as much light

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14
Q

Adaptations - Animals

A

Animals in the canopy have strong limbs → to move around quickly

Camouflage → Hide from predators

Adapted to low light levels the forest floor → Sharp sense of smell + detect predators

Some are nocturnal → feed at night when cooler - saves energy

Suction cups → helps to climb

Flaps of skin → helps to glide between trees

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15
Q

The Amazon

A

Largest rainforest on earth → covers 8 million square km including:

  • Brazil
  • Peru
  • Columbia
  • Venezuela
  • Ecuador
  • Bolivia
  • Guyana
  • Suriname
  • French Guiana
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16
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Commercial farming

A

Forest cleared to make space for cattle grazing + plantations

Cattle ranching is the main source of deforestation → 200 million cattle on 450,000 square km of pasture

Soy, Rice corn + Sugar cane are farmed on former forest land

17
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Subsistence farming

A

Small scale farmers need the land to grow food for themselves

18
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Commercial logging

A

Amazon full of hard wood trees (mahogany) → makes logging tempting for businesses

19
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Mineral extraction

A

Gold, iron, copper are mined + exported → boost countries development

20
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Energy development

A

Building hydroelectric dams → floods large areas

21
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Population growth

A

Population growth + migration puts pressure on the Amazon rainforest → Brazilian government offers land to poor from overcrowded cities

22
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Road building

A

4000km Trans-Amazonian highway connects Brazilian coast to Peru, Columbia + Ecuador through the Amazon → destroying more forest

23
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Environmental impacts

A
  • Climate change - 75% of Brazils CO2 emissions come from deforestation
    Fewer trees mean less CO2 is removed from the atmosphere
  • Soil Erosion - Brazil is losing 100 tonnes of topsoil per year → lead to landslides and flooding

Less tree canopy to intercept rainfall → more water reaches the soil taking away the nutrients

Farmers are forced to find new areas to farm

24
Q

Deforestation in the Amazon - Economic impacts

A

Farming has brought wealth → March 2018 Brazil exported $600 million of beef

Mining industry creates jobs → Buenaventura company in Peru employs 8000 people

Logging contributes to Brazils economy BUT reduces attractiveness of the area

Rubber tappers have lost their livelihoods as trees are cut down

25
Q

Sustainable management - Replanting

A

New trees are planted → matching the types that were cut down

Some laws make logging companies replant trees that they have cleared

26
Q

Sustainable management - Selective logging

A

Only some trees are felled → to maintain overall forest structure + make sure the soil isn’t exposed

Least damaging forms - horse logging, helicopter logging

27
Q

Sustainable management - Ecotourism

A

Minimises damage to the environment + benefits locals by providing income

Helps raise awareness of conservation issues

If more people are employed in tourism → don’t have to log or farm to make money → fewer trees are cut down + there is an incentive to conserve the environment

28
Q

Sustainable management - Education

A

Educating people about the impacts of deforestation encouraged people to buy products from sustainable sources → helps reduce damage

The Rainforest Alliance (Guatemala) teaches communities about sustainable livelihoods

29
Q

Sustainable management - Conservation

A

Countries have set up national parks + nature reserves within rainforest → prevents illegal logging

Countries have set up funds which overseas governments can invest in → countries get money in exchange for rainforest conservation → money is used to enforce restrictions

2018 Norway payed $70 million to Brazils Amazon fund to be used for conservation

30
Q

Sustainable management - Reducing debt

A

Countries don’t have to log, farm + mine the rainforest to make money + pay back the debt → rainforest is conserved

Conservation swap → part of a country’s debt is payed off in exchange for guarantee that the money is spent on conservation

2019 USA reduced Indonesia’s debt by $29 million in exchange fro conserving the rainforest

31
Q

Sustainable management - International hardwood agreement

A

Prevent illegal logging + promote use of hard wood from sustainable managed forests