Ecosystems - Tropical Rainforests Flashcards
Climate
No definite seasons
Hot - 20-28 degrees → sun’s energy is more intense near the equator as it is overhead all year round
High rainfall → 2000mm per year
Plants
Most trees are evergreen → help take advantage of the continual growing season
Vegetation cover is dense → little light reaches the floor
Epiphytes (plants that grow on other living plants + take nutrients + moisture from the air)
Soil
Isn’t fertile → heavy rain washes nutrients away
Surface nutrient due to decayed leaf fall → thin surface as decay is fast in warm, moist conditions
People
Many native people have adapted to life in the rainforest
They make a living by hunting, fishing, gathering nuts and berries + growing vegetables
Animals
Rainforest ecosystems are believed to contain the most animal species
e.g Gorillas, jaguars, anacondas, tree frogs, sloths, monkeys
Biodiversity
The variety of organisms living in a particular area - plants + animals
Biodiversity in the Rainforest
High biodiversity → contain approx 50% of the world’s plant, animal and insect species
Climate is constant → Plants and animals don’t have to adapt to changing conditions
Interdependent ecosystem
All components depend on each other
Nutrients cycle
Warm + wet climate helps fungi + bacteria on the forest floor to decompose dead plant material → surface soil high in nutrients
Plants pass on nutrient when eaten by animals
When animals die nutrients is transferred back to the soil → making it richer
Symbiotic relationship
Animals and plant species depend on one another for survival
e.g Agouti (rodents) eat Brazil nuts + bury them which sprout new seedlings → increases population of Brazil nut trees
If agouti became extinct Brazil nut tree population would decline
Plant adaptations
Adapted to:
- high rainfall
- high temperatures
- competition for light
Adaptations - Trees
Compete for sunlight by growing tall
Smooth, thin bark → helps water run off
Tree trunks are supported by large stable buttress roots
Adaptations - Plants
Thick waxy leaves → Repel the rain
Drip tips → Channel rainwater + encouraging runoff so the leaf is not damaged by the weight
→ No standing water for bacteria + fungi to grow
Drop leaves through the year → They can go on growing all year round
Climbing plants (lianas) use tree trunks to reach the light
Under canopy plants have large leaves → to absorb as much light
Adaptations - Animals
Animals in the canopy have strong limbs → to move around quickly
Camouflage → Hide from predators
Adapted to low light levels the forest floor → Sharp sense of smell + detect predators
Some are nocturnal → feed at night when cooler - saves energy
Suction cups → helps to climb
Flaps of skin → helps to glide between trees
The Amazon
Largest rainforest on earth → covers 8 million square km including:
- Brazil
- Peru
- Columbia
- Venezuela
- Ecuador
- Bolivia
- Guyana
- Suriname
- French Guiana